Brief Biosketch Professor Gangopadhyay did his PhD (Physiology), University of Calcutta in 1993 in Ergonomics and Work Physiology. He was also awarded title FABMS by Indian Association of Biomedical Scientists in the year 2005. Professor Gangopadhyay is the Editorial Member and of various International Editorial Board Advisers and Members. He is actively involved in research activities mainly on Ergonomics study on major accidents, burn accidents and Integrated ergonomics and occupational health studies of workers engaged in crane operation. Under his supervision, about 12 PhD scholars were awarded PhD. 1. Ergonomics Understanding of Ergonomics The word ergonomics is derived from the Greek word 'ergon' meaning work & 'nomos' meaning laws. It can be defined as “science, technology and art of human at work”. Ergonomics may also be defined as “the application of the human biological sciences in conjunction with the engineering sciences to the worker and his working environment, to obtain maximum satisfaction for the worker which at the same time enhances productivity”. Ergonomics seeks to change the things to better match capabilities, limitations & needs of people. 2. Health when Working from HOME Under Covid-19 The result of COVID 19 is now we are bound to work from home as strict laws been imposed for observing complete lockdown situation. it is calculated that more than 80% of total employees are now working from home and most of these people feel that they are more productive when working remotely. However, it takes 30- 45 days to get productivity to the same level as working from the office. Most employees do not have proper Work Stations at home and ultimately those create severe health-related problems. 3. Fatigue The higher amount of work causes fatigue. It is usually associated with physical and/or mental weakness. Physical fatigue is the inability to continue functioning at the level of one's normal abilities. Mental fatigue, on the other hand, rather manifests in sleepiness. At home, work and time will act as stressors for these persons, who are bound to work from home. Here, among them, mental and/ physical fatigue is identified predominantly. 4. Stress-Free Condition Home is normally known to provide a stress-free condition. But, when one will be bound to work from home and bound to complete one's work within a stipulated time frame then it will create excessive physical as well as mental stress. On the other hand, stress-free condition means comfort to users. This comfort may be given by a properly organized work station. The result is the enhancement of productivity. 5. Ergonomics, Work Environment and Musculoskeletal Disorder Ergonomic Hazards Ergonomic hazards include uncomfortable workstation height and poor body positioning. These physical factors, within the home environment, harm the musculoskeletal system. Musculo Skeletal Disorder A musculoskeletal disorder is a condition where a part of the musculoskeletal system is injured over time. The disorder happens when the body part is called on to work harder, stretch farther, impact more directly or otherwise functions at a greater level than it is prepared for. The immediate impact may be minute, but when it occurs repeatedly the constant trauma cause damage. Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs) Musculoskeletal disorders can affect the body's muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves. Most work-related MSDs develop over time and are caused either by the work itself or by the employee's working environment. There is compelling evidence that work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) affect persons more who are engaged to work from home. However, in addition, poor environmental conditions, such as extreme heat, humidity, noise, and poor lighting, may increase the chances of developing the following types of problems.

• Tendonitis
• Tenosynovitis
• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
• Epicondylitis
• Raynaud's Phenomenon
• Rotator Cuff
• DeQuervain's Disease
• Ganglionic Cysts

6. Applying Ergonomic Controls/Guidelines: Ergonomics may be applied to control the following factors

1. Posture
2. Keyboard Height
3. Monitor Height
4. Chair Adjustments
5. Self-management and breaks

So, it's important to establish proper or correct ways of following factors to decrease MSD during working from home:

• Posture
• Desk height
• Keyboard height and angle
• Monitor height and angle
• Chair adjustments (height/tilt/lumbar)

7. Health Intervention Health Intervention is an effort to promote good health behaviour or to prevent bad health behaviour or fatigue. Ergonomics has a great contribution to the application of low-cost effective interventions for the enhancement of productivity. The following Ergonomic interventions can be applied to improve the productivity of persons working from home:

• Modifying the existing workstations
• Designing new tools
• Applying work-aids and
• Adequate training

These are the keys for productivity improvement during COVID 19 situation.

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Background: Microplastics are fast becoming a major global environmental contaminant. Little is known about the health effects of microplastic exposure to humans despite being omnipresent in all spheres of life and ecology. This scoping review explores the existing evidence of potential human health effects of microplastics and subsequent knowledge gaps. Methods: An electronic search of published articles in PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane databases, and Google Scholar was conducted, using a combination of subject headings and keywords for microplastics and human health effects. Documents only published in English between 2004 and March 2020 were included. A grey literature search was conducted following a comprehensive checklist in Google Scholar and the environmental organization websites. The initial search resulted in 17,043 published articles and grey literature. After a full review of published articles and their references, 125 publications were identified for further detailed review. Throughout the screening process, every document was reviewed by at least two of the researchers. Results: These articles indicate that human exposure to microplastics might occur through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact due to its presence in food, water, air, and consumer products. Microplastics exposure can cause particle toxicity through oxidative stress, inflammatory lesions, and increased uptake or translocation. Several studies have demonstrated the potentiality of metabolic disturbances, neurotoxicity, increased cancer risk, and reproductive toxicity in humans. Moreover, microplastics were found to release their constituent compounds and those adsorbed onto its surface in human tissues. Conclusion: Knowledge of microplastic toxicity on human health is still limited. Further research is needed to quantify the effect of microplastics on human health and pathogenesis.

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Background: Medication reconciliation is a formal process for creating the most complete and accurate list possible of a patient's current medications and comparing the list to those in the patient record or medication orders. This reconciliation is done to avoid medication errors such as omissions, duplications, dosing errors, or drug interactions. The lack of precise and complete information about patient's medicines is the most common contributing factor for the precipitation of patient safety problem around the globe. Objectives: To develop a medication reconciliation checklist tool and evaluate its utility in the assessment of medication discrepancies and contributing factors Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out in the selected departments at a tertiary care hospital. A checklist tool was prepared based on the critical parameters of the reconciliation approach which was used to assess drug discrepancies during care transition and were categorized under Justified and Unjustified medicine discrepancies. Results: A total of 200 cases were reviewed out of which164 cases were identified with the scope of reconciliation and were then followed. The observed discrepancies were categorized as follows; A total of Justified Discrepancies [27] were reported (Therapeutic Equivalence: 0, Clinical Preference: 1, Medical reason: 26), and Unjustified Discrepancies [113] (Omission errors: 31, Modification of dose: 16, Incorrect drugs: 61, Therapeutic Duplication: 4, Drug interactions: 1). Conclusion: The study concluded that medication reconciliation checklist tool was helpful in identifying medication discrepancies. Execution of the medication reconciliation process by a pharmacist can improve drug and patient safety.

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Brief Biosketch Prof. Mary Hrachoohi Boghosian did her PhD in “Physics of Magnetic Materials” from the University of London, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, England, and MBA in “Innovation, Technology Planning and Management” from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), School of Management and Technology, Troy, New York. She is working as Adjunct Professor at the American University of Armenia (AUA) and the California State University of Los Angeles (USA). She is also a visiting professor at the Yerevan State University, School of Journalism initiating and teaching a postgraduate-level course on the “Essentials of Creative Thinking”. She spent 16 years working for NASA and the Aerospace Companies leading NASA projects and studies as well as developing the first-ever cost estimation methodology for costing very small satellites. Dr Boghosian is the author of more than forty publications and two inventions on space-related sensors and actuators. She is a recipient of several NASA technology achievement awards. In highly competitive economies, technology advancements move at an exponential pace leading to rapid change in innovation. Covid-19 has reshaped the global scientific and technological community through urgency for sharing information in research and technology development. COVID 19 has also shaped business commercialization and consumer behaviour allowing faster response and new infrastructure for technology and business development. In the midst of all this, exponential technologies supported by disruptive digitization allow companies to create their own innovation processes allowing cross industries and break down barriers. We will discuss the exponential technologies and the disruptive digitization process leading to new innovations and digital society and economy.

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Brief Biosketch Professor Marko S. Markov received his PhD from Sofia University in Bulgaria. He was a professor and chairman of the Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology there for more than 20 years. He also was the vice president for research and development in three US companies. Dr Markov is co-founder of the International Society of Bioelectricity, European Bioelectromagnetic Association (EBEA), International Society of Biomagnetism, international Society of Bioelectromagnetism. In 1987 Dr Markov was the organizer of UNESCO project EMF and mankind. Dr Markov is recognized as a top world expert on the clinical application of electromagnetic fields. He has more than 30 years of experience in basic science research and the clinical application of electromagnetic fields for the treatment of pain as well as bone and soft tissue pathologies. Dr Markov has written and edited 14 books, presented 282 papers and short communications at various international meetings, and published 192 scientific articles. During the last three years, 5G technology has aggressively entered the market of communications. The industry developers and the lobby of engineers around the ICNIRP are pushing the technology without any evaluation of the potential impact of this new source of environmental EMF. Hidden behind the statement “there is no evidence for harmful effects” they exposed the entire biosphere and mankind to the unknown hazard of the new set of millimetre waves. It is to underline that due to the short wavelength of these signals, to achieve successful use of the new system; antennas must be located in every 20-30 meters and thus will create enormous power over the entire population. The science has evidence that the millimetre waves are capable of producing biological and health hazard.

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Background: COVID-19 outbreak was declared as a global pandemic. India decided to lock down the country bringing hardships to her people. Objective: To study the challenges met by a pregnant woman during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown in India. Material and Methods: Consenting pregnant women were given a questionnaire to answer. Results: 32.1% were primigravida and 67.9 % were multigravida. 66.42 % said that they feared they either themselves or their baby could contract COVID-19 disease.46.5% of the participants did not take an antenatal visit to the doctor. The reasons given were, they followed the government advisory not to visit hospitals unnecessarily (26%), non-availability of transport (39.7%), fear of coming to the hospital (22.3%). 237.26% took teleconsultation and 79.2% were satisfied with the response.18.45% took medications from the pharmacy on their own and 52.52% did not receive their due tetanus toxoid injection.44.46% could not get their due obstetric ultrasonogram. Conclusion: Abrupt lockdown of the country not only prevented the spread of the virus but also brought about hardships to pregnant women 19 Pandemic affected the antenatal care of pregnant women.

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Brief Biosketch Prof.David GEE graduated in economics and politics and since 1974 has been working at the interface of science and policy-making, within occupational and environmental health, for trade unions, NGOs, and governmental organisations. He is a former Director of Friends of the Earth, in the UK. Between 1995-2012 he worked at the European Environment Agency, latterly as Senior Advisor on Science, Policy and Emerging Issues. Among many other projects eg on eco-tax reform and eco-efficiency, David has been the catalyst, EEA editor and the author of a chapter for the two volumes of Late lessons from early warnings published by the EEA (2001 and 2013). He is now Visiting Fellow at the Institute of Environment, Health, and Societies, Brunel University, London. He is one of the UNESCO/UNITWIN Coordinators under UNESCO Chair Life Sciences (Biophysics, Biotechnology and Environmental Health). Summary of Points for the UNESCO Webinar on 5G & Covid-19, August 7^th 2020. The points below are confined to 5G (not Cov-19) and are based on the histories of 27 other “new” technologies, chemicals and other agents over the last 100 or so years, and their now well-established harms, as chronicled in the two volumes of “Late Lessons from Early Warnings” (EEA, 2001, 2013)¹. The reports provide insights that can help policymakers to apply foresight with new technologies like 5G to minimise possible harms. There are many (18) striking similarities between RFR/5G and most of the technologies and agents featured in the “Late Lessons” case studies: these are briefly illustrated in Part A below. Some (6) features of 5G that are somewhat novel, and which are also challenging for policymakers are briefly noted in Part B. Some 49 References provide sources of the evidence cited. Part A. Some similarities between 5G and other once “new” technologies/agents. 1) Much hubristic hype surrounded the introduction of the new technology or agent. For example, asbestos was dubbed the “magic mineral”; leaded petrol was the “gift from God”; X-rays were used to provide “the scientific way to fit shoes”; and nuclear power was said to be “too cheap to meter”. This hype served to dull the critical faculties of the relevant regulators and policymakers during the early decades. The early history of X-Rays, another source of radiation exposure to people, is particularly relevant to 5G: “the excitement in the scientific community, and the often inappropriate publicity, ensured that the damage to health, particularly in the long term, was not given any prominence”.² With 5G, “marketing hype is widespread” (Ref 3). For that, and other reasons, recent advice to Developing Countries' leaders from even Telecommunications experts warns against prematurely joining the “race to 5G”. For example: “Planning for 5G is a series of complicated choices as there are issues at the levels of creating ecosystems to support it; unproven business models, with claims for applications which may not be financially viable yet; plus confusion over choices of radio spectrum; and selection of equipment suppliers; even potential issues over public health, as well as the real level of industrial and consumer demand beyond the hype”. The emphasis here is on the importance of making balanced strategic choices, by identifying the basic issues, in a 'realpolitik' fashion - including “why embrace 5G at all”.³ 2) There was a failure to systematically and independently scrutinise the claimed benefits and costs (and the non-quantifiable pros and cons) of the new technology/agents. In most of the EEA case studies both the costs of the “new” technology and its later harms were often underestimated, whilst the benefits were often overestimated⁴, usually because most of the cost/benefit analyses (CBAs) were done by the technology promoters themselves. 5G is costing much more than 2-4G; it needs substantial government support; and its estimated costs are very likely to escalate, partly because it is a more complicated system to roll out than 2-4 G. Another “late Lesson” comes from the relatively simple roll-out of smart meters which already demonstrates the ease with which forecasted costs escalate and benefits diminish. The UK National Audit Office report on “Smart Meters”⁵ observed that the cost of installing smart meters was already 50 % higher by 2017 than the BEIS Department's initial forecast; and that “it is currently uncertain whether the industry cost savings forecast by the Department will materialise”. One key and unresolved cost/con of 5G, which is acknowledged by some in the telecommunications industry, is the increased security risk. This is “much more complicated to manage…the challenge is amplified by vertical 5G use-cases such as connected cars and health care”….“5G's shared infrastructure has the potential for mass failure across multiple networks”.⁶ 3) There was an early closing down of promising alternative technologies, such as alcohol-based petrol instead of leaded petrol. Alternatives for 5G include wired systems; photonics; and visible light communications, plus more exploitation of the relatively recent 3/4G systems. 4) There was a gross imbalance between research on developing/promoting the agent/technology and research on anticipating and reducing potential harm to people and environments from the agent/technology. For example, the BSE case shows that relevant hazard identification research was overly delayed⁷. For Information Technologies an EEA analysis of EU research funding 2007-2013⁸ clearly demonstrated this heavy bias towards research on technology promotion (99.95%) compared to hazard anticipation (0.05%). There is very little research available on 4 and 5G. And the EEA case studies demonstrate that “no evidence of harm is not evidence of no harm” because the relevant research has not been done. 5) There was a failure to ensure independent research into health/environmental effects. Many reviews of research in the tobacco, lead, pharmaceutical, climate change and EMF industries show a strong funding bias whereby research financed by the relevant industry tends to not find harm whereas independent research does.⁹ Independent research also helps to minimise the impact of the “manufactured doubt” about hazards, pioneered by the tobacco industry, and widely used by other technology promoters¹⁰. 6) There was a failure of relevant scientists to acknowledge what they do not know¹¹; to properly understand and embrace knowledge from other relevant disciplines; to fully acknowledge the limitations of their models of realities and of real (not just estimated or proxy) exposures; and to be transparent about their paradigms, values and other choices made in their often divergent evaluations of the evidence¹². This sometimes provides impressions of certainty which are misplaced¹³. Misunderstanding and competition between disciplines characterised many case studies e.g. between medics and vets (BSE); and epidemiologists and physicists (radiation), making it more difficult for policymakers to take robust, comprehensive, and timely decisions. Within the EMF field, there are essentially two basic paradigms competing for the current “truth”: one based on thermal tissue heating (held by ICNIRP and thereby accepted by many regulatory agents) and the other on non-thermal cell signalling effects. The current exposure limits are based essentially on the thermal paradigm. And as children are more sensitive to RF from mobile phones they “will bear the health costs of this paradigm war”.¹⁴ These differences in paradigms, as well as the conflicts of interests of some scientists with close links to the telecommunications industries and yet who sit on EMF evidence review committees (such as the International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)¹⁵, and the UK's Advisory Group on Non-ionizing Radiation¹⁶) together with the “intellectual biases” of scientists, help to explain the widely divergent evaluations of the “same” evidence¹⁷. A recent Italian appeal court case, which awarded compensation for an acoustic neuroma “probably” caused by RF from a mobile phone, dismissed the ICNIRP based evidence submitted by the defence as being “less reliable” than the more independent expertise submitted by the claimant.¹⁸ 7) There was a failure of scientists to be transparent about the paradigms, assumptions, judgements and values used in academic science and their evaluations of scientific evidence in regulatory science. 8) There was a failure of scientists and policymakers to appreciate complex and variable realities; multi-causality; and the likelihood of inconsistent scientific results arising from such complexity. The exposure patterns from 5G are likely to be especially complex, varying, and yet poorly understood, or researched. The first recommendation in the EU paper on 5G (Ref 3, p6) was to “increase long term R&D efforts to understand multiple propagation unknowns e.g. measuring and controlling RF-EMF exposures with MIMO at mmWave frequencies”. 9) There was an inability to account for real-world conditions which characterized many case studies: this led to the risks of harm being underestimated e.g. BSE; MTBE; PCBs. With EMF/RF the real world of complex and very variable exposures involving different field intensities; pulsing; modulation; frequency variations; polarization etc. is often ignored in laboratory experiments¹⁹ where simulated rather than real mobile phone exposures are often used: the latter are often more damaging to DNA.²⁰ 10) There was a failure by scientists and policymakers to understand the difference between the high strength of evidence needed to establish robust scientific knowledge and the case-specific appropriate strength of evidence needed to justify precautionary and timely policy actions to reduce or minimise harm from existing agents, in the face of scientific uncertainty, nescience (ignorance), and expert disagreements. The idea of an appropriate strength of evidence for timely action has been legally established in much national legislation, beginning with the “foresight”, or precautionary, a principle in Germany in the 1980s; and thence into the EU and many international treaties²¹. Current examples of the case-specific strengths of evidence justifying policy actions range from a “scientific suspicion of risk”, justifying a temporary ban on a widely used chemical in Sweden, to the “balance of evidence” (1995) and the “very high confidence” (2007) in human-induced climate change established by the UN Climate Change scientists.²² Waiting for “convincing” (ICNIRP and many regulatory agencies) evidence of harm before governments take action guarantees that there will be harm. 11) There was a failure by policymakers to take precautionary action on early and later warnings of impending harms. Plausible scientific early warnings were ignored, denied, suppressed, and distorted²³ for decades²⁴ in most of the case studies, resulting in much harm and many costs to companies, victims, the environment, and taxpayers Significant and plausible early warnings about the possible harms from EMF have been available since the 1950s, and especially since the epidemiological studies from 1999-2011, which identified the glioma (brain) and acoustic neuroma cancer risks to some long term users of mobile phones²⁵. These human studies led the EEA to issue three early warnings on RF and head cancer, in 2007, 2009, and 2011²⁶, and to WHO/IARC classified RF as a “possible” carcinogen in 2011²⁷. Since then the evidence has strengthened, particularly from two large scale animal studies (from the US National Toxicology Program²⁸ and the Italian Ramazzini institute²⁹) which both found similar cancers, including the brain, at relevant human exposure levels. Consequently, the IARC Advisory Committee recently gave EMF/RF a “high priority” for a re-evaluation of the cancer evidence since the first IARC evaluation on 2011³⁰. Many independent EMF scientists³¹ in Europe, the USA, Russia, and Asia now consider that there are at least “reasonable grounds of concern”³² about the health and environmental effects of EMF to justify applying the precautionary principle to RF exposures.³³ 12) In 7 of the 34 EEA case studies, the “Foresight (precautionary) Principle was used to justify timely action. E.g. on antibiotics in animal feed (Sweden 1985 and EU 1999); on TBT in marine paint (France 1984); on CFCs (EU 1980), on neonicotinoid pesticides (France 1999, 2004 and EU 2013), and hormones in beef (EU 1985). In all cases, the evidence for harm has increased since those timely decisions. 13) There was a failure to protect “early warning ”scientists who were often severely harassed for bringing “inconvenient truths” to the public and governments. E.g. Hendersen & Needleman (leaded petrol); Selikoff (asbestos), Grandjean (mercury); Putzei & Chapella (GMOs); Schneider (Climate Change.); Alice Stewart (X-rays). And for EMF, Henry Lai, Lennart Hardell and others³⁴. 14) All of the 27 established false-negative case studies demonstrated that:

1. the eventual harm always expanded beyond what was first identified (e.g. for tobacco, from lung cancer to many cancers, heart disease and foetal toxicity; and for ionising radiations, from skin cancers to leukaemia and to all cancers);
2. exposures to the harmful agent always expanded beyond what was first observed (e.g. from laboratories to factories to families to consumers and to local, regional and sometimes global environments; and
3. the “safe” exposure limits always came down with expanding knowledge of harm, often to no known threshold of safety, as with lead, ionising radiations, and all carcinogens.

For example, the “known and established” risks for ionising radiations increased 4/5 times between the ICRP evaluations of 1977 and 1990, with associated reductions in the exposure limits. The existing exposure limits for EMF set by ICNIRP and copied by most regulatory agencies are based essentially on short term thermal tissue heating effects and do not protect against long term effects, such as cancer. Ex ICNIRP³⁵ and IEEE scientists³⁶, as well as 388 doctors and EMF scientists,³⁷ are now calling for lower, more appropriate exposure limits for EMF. 15) A failure to manage the “latency lacuna” whereby evidence of chronic harm necessarily comes years/decades after much technical change in the exposure conditions which generated the harm. This allows the assertion that “today's” exposures are different from those of 10-30 years ago, and are therefore “safe”, an assertion that cannot be disproved for another 10-30 years³⁸. This is particularly relevant to the fast-moving telecommunications industry. 16) There was a failure to include the emerging costs of harm (“economic externalities”) into the market price of the technology. Consequently, alternatives were kept out of their markets for decades by these low and subsidised, prices. And the large external costs were largely met eventually by victims and taxpayers.³⁹ For 2-5G mobile phone manufacturers and network operators there seems to be little if any liability insurance, nor “anticipatory insurance” to pay for any future harm: for example, the “precautionary assurance bonds or funds” used in the banking, mining, and oil exploration sectors⁴⁰. This ensures that current and future taxpayers will meet most of any external costs of EMF/5G, such as damage to health, wildlife, ecosystems, planetary observations⁴¹, security and human rights. Consequently, Swiss Re⁴² and others⁴³ suggest there will be an upturn in future liability claims against the telecommunications industries. A recent Danish legal opinion concludes that there is “a clear and substantial causal link” between the exposure of humans and animals to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation and a range of damaging effects to both groups”.⁴⁴ 17) There was a failure to provide adequate insurance systems so that the large costs of harms to people and environments were paid by victims, taxpayers, and nature: rarely by the polluter. 18) There was a failure to involve the public in helping to choose their technological/chemical futures via “responsible Innovation” and to avoid toxic trespass: this often resulted in the meltdown of public trust in scientists and governments and to the rise of ultimately successful community and NGO activities against the “new” technology. “Responsible innovation” is characterised by a “transparent interactive process by which societal actors and innovators become mutually responsive to each other regarding the ethical acceptability, sustainability, and social desirability of the innovation process and its marketable products”⁴⁴. Not involving the public more in the deployment of 5G and in the development of responsible and safer products is likely to further diminish trust in both governments and corporations, especially given the apparently enhanced security and privacy risks of 5G which are acknowledged by some in the telecommunications industry⁴⁵. Part B Some novel and challenging features of 5G

1. The weak Business case for 5G: “there are unanswered questions over what 5g actually is, what is it for, whether it is safe, whether it offers good value for money, or whether anyone will be prepared to pay for it”⁴⁶. 5G is much more expensive than 2-4G, requiring significant government support.
2. EMF exposures to children and other sensitive groups will greatly increase in total and in complexity
3. Harm to birds, insects and other species is likely⁴⁷; as is space pollution⁴⁸.
4. Security and privacy will be seriously compromised
5. Human rights will be seriously compromised.⁴⁹
6. Public trust and localism will be damaged, as there are strong legal barriers to democratic involvement in the siting of antenna masts and other telecoms installations.

D. Gee

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Background: Diabetic foot ulcers are diabetes-related microvascular complications aggravated due to multiple pre-existing factors such as peripheral arterial disease, immune system factors, bone abnormalities, diabetic neuropathy, infections & repetitive external or minor trauma. Diabetic foot ulcers could lead to lower limb amputation if not managed appropriately. Studies have shown that insulin plays a vital role in wound healing. Objective: To evaluate the use of topical insulin in chronic diabetic foot ulcers at a tertiary care centre. Methods: A prospective study was conducted for a period of 12 months on 60 patients of the age group from 25-75 years who presented with diabetic foot ulcers were included. The subjects were divided into two groups, “group A” underwent dressing with topical insulin and group B underwent regular saline dressing. Sterile transparent gauze was used to measure the diameter). To calculate the wound area, these two diameters are multiplied to obtain an area in cm². Ulcers were cleaned with normal saline and a sterile gauze soaked with Human mixtard insulin and normal saline 4 units 0.1 ml-Human mixtard insulin in 1 ml normal saline for each 10 cm² of the wound in group A. Study data was analysed using SPSS software and Microsoft Excel software. Chi-square test was used to evaluate the results and P-value of <0.05 is considered significant. Results: Total of 60 patients were studied with Mean Age of 51.2 ± 9.6; 50.6 ± 10.9 years in group A & B respectively On day 0,7,15 wound measurements were done. A statistically significant difference was noted in the reduction of the average surface area of the wound at day 7, 15 between group A & B. insulin dressing group shown better changes than saline dressing group. Mean reduction in average surface area of the wound at day 15 was 67.8 ± 11.45 in insulin dressing group and 49.51 ± 18.21 in saline dressing group, statistically significant difference was noted. Average time required for granulation tissue to appear was 6.08 ± 2.15 days & 9.48 ± 4.21 days in group A & B respectively, statistically, a significant difference was noted (p< 0.001). Conclusion: The use of topical insulin is safe and effective in patients with diabetic foot ulcers. Topically applied insulin can accelerate wound healing without any systemic side effects.

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Aim: The present investigation aimed to screen the adaptogenic activity of the Tecomastans flower extract. Methods: Anoxia and immobilization stress models were used in the study. Results: Anoxia stress tolerance time in mice In the anoxia stress tolerance test, the time taken for the mice to exhibit clonic convulsions was taken as the endpoint. The graded doses (125, 250, 500 mg/kg) of the test extract demonstrated dose and duration dependent significant delay in clonic convulsions on the 7th, 14th and 21st days compared to the control group. The anti-stress effect of the higher dose (500 mg/kg) of the test extract was found closer to that of the standard drug. Immobilization Stress Effect on Biochemical Parameters: Immobilization stress significantly elevated the serum cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides, and BUN levels in stress control rats compared to the normal control group. Animals pretreated for ten days with test extract at different dose levels (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) showed dose-dependent falls in all the biochemical parameters, as compared to the stress control rats. Effect on the Weight of Organs: An increase in liver, adrenal glands weight and decrease in spleen weight were seen in Immobilization stressed rats. Ten days pretreatment with graded doses of METSF significantly and dose-dependently ameliorated the Immobilization stress-induced altered organs weight. Conclusion: In conclusion, the methanolic extract of Tecomastans flowers exhibited dose-dependent significant antistress activity against stress-induced animal models.

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The exposure and heterogeneity of the new virus are increasing at an alarming rate. An unexpected outburst of Coronavirus has upraised various serious questions about their management using conventional diagnostic and medication measures. Vaccines help to train the immune system to avert people from developing the disease, such as COVID-19. If sufficient people become immune then the coronavirus would not be able to escalate effectively. Since there are no specific vaccines or treatments for COVID-19, so the researchers are competing to find more about it. From the various reviews, it has been found that the name “coronavirus” is derived from Latin corona, meaning “wreath” or “crown”. The name points out the characteristics aspect of virions (the infective form of the virus), which possess a fringe of large, bulbous surface projections producing an image reminiscent of a crown. Coronavirus is a large pleomorphic spherical particle with bulbous surface projections. The average diameter of the virus particles is around 120 nm. The infection starts about when the viral spike (S) glycoprotein binds to the complementary host cell receptor. After binding, a protease of the host cell splits and activates the receptor-attached spike protein. Various review studies proposed that coronavirus vaccines are produced by means of nanotechnology. The researchers prospered by, synthesizing virus-like particles (VLPs) in the form of nano-vesicles using insect cells. These nanoparticles are much similar to coronavirus, except that they do not have the virus genome; once they enter into the host's cells, they restore the immune system to fight against the infection caused by this type of virus. Furthermore, these nanoparticles of similar sizes are capable to bind with COVID-19 viruses and disorganize their structure with a combination of infrared light treatment. That structural disorganization would then halt the ability of the virus to survive and reproduce in the body. Gold nanoparticles and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are standout choices for interacting with the viruses and preventing their entry into cells because of their high specific surface area and the possibility of being functionalized with a broad range of functional groups. Among the metallic nanoparticles gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has great importance because of its wider applications in biomedical, drug delivery, biosensor, antioxidant anticancer due to its biocompatibility well-defined shape, size, stability and can be easily synthesized. In some research study it has been found that AuNPs can be stabilized with certain biocompatible polymer and could act as an effective antiviral agent against HIV-1, H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, dengue virus, and Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDB). Herbal gold nanoparticles have effective antiviral activity and nano-based approaches especially AuNPs would be effective in the diagnosis of COVID-19 virus for attenuating this pandemic infection across the world.

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Brief Biosketch Dr Sumanta Goswami did his MS from University of Calcutta and PhD in Biochemistry from AIIMS, New Delhi. He joined at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York as Research Associate and subsequently becomes Associate Professor in the Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology. His research identifies newer drug targets based on the phenotypes observed in the cancer cells that cause metastasis. In the recent COVID-19 pandemic the diagnostic world has made phenomenal progress by developing different molecular diagnostic and serological assays for SARS-CoV-2 within record time. In my talk, I will outline the different molecular diagnostic and serological tests that are available and in use today. In addition, I will focus on a few new tests that are on the horizon including a subgenomic mRNA detection test being developed by our group. This unique test is arguably capable of identifying patients with active infections and thereby focusing the isolation resources on patients who are actively shedding live virions.

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Brief Biosketch David O. Carpenter is a public health physician who serves as director of the Institute for Health and the Environment, a Collaborating Center of the World Health Organization, as well as a professor of environmental health sciences at Albany's School of Public Health. He previously served as Director of the Wadsworth Center of the New York State Department of Health, and as Dean of the University at Albany School of Public Health. Professor Carpenter, who received his medical degree from Harvard Medical School, has more than 435 peer-reviewed publications, 6 books and 50 reviews and book chapters to his credit. He is an Adviser of WHO in public health. His area of research is on Human health effects of environmental contaminants, including metals and organic compounds. The excessive exposure to both extremely low frequency and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields increase risk of several types of cancer, have adverse effects on human reproduction, alter at least some aspects of brain function and trigger in some people a syndrome of electrohypersensitivity. This syndrome consists of headaches, “brain fog”, fatigue, tinnitus and a general sense of ill health. The major mechanism for all of these effects is likely to be the generation of reactive oxygen species, but more research on mechanisms is necessary.

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Brief Biosketch Prof. Hamid Mobasheri did his PhD from the University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. Further, he did his postdoc at the University of East Anglia with Welcome Trust Fellowship and later joined in the University of Tehran as Assistant Professor and subsequently become Professor of Biophysics at the same University. He is also a Co-founder of Center of Neural Repair, University of Tehran and Founder and member of Biomaterial Research Center (BRC), University of Tehran. Professor Mobasheri is also a Coordinator under UNESCO Chair-Life Sciences. His area of research is on - Biophysical programming of stem cells The outbreak of the SARS-COV-2 virus from Wuhan, China, in December 2019 caused a devastating pandemic and killing thousands of people worldwide. Unfortunately, the implication of various biological and chemical treatments including immunological, pharmaceutical, genetics and so on, had little curing effects. Despite vast efforts and the times invested, drug synthesis and vaccine production process take a long time and thus, alternative Biophysical means can be considered to overcome the problem effectively in a short time. Considering the atomic and molecular structure of the virus and the means of its interaction with target cells, it is obvious that all the interactions happening during the infection process have a root in physics of the involved molecules in the virus and cell. In other words virus binding, membrane fusion, engulfation, replication, release, etc. are all the consequences of different electrostatic interactions initiated at atomic levels. Electrostatic interactions are possible to be manipulated, interrupted and disrupted in a direct and fast manner through physicochemical treatments or application of external electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields. Here, different biophysical approaches taken to detect, neutralize and destruct the virus will be discussed. The virus surface charges, charge distribution in spike protein both at the RBD site and main body as well as on ACE-2 receptor, their hydration status, ionic charges preset in the lung fluid, water in the vicinity of the mentioned molecules, the virus channel-forming protein ORF3a and membrane constitute lipids are all can be considered as the potential targets. It is possible to use these targets for detection, neutralization and destruction of the virus through biophysical treatment in a fast, cheap, direct and effective manner.

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Aim: The aim of our study is to investigate the enzymatic and histopathological effects of prenatal exposure to continuous 2450 MHz radiofrequency-electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) in rat liver. Material and Methods: In study we used 12 Wistar Albino adult female rats and 4 Wistar Albino adult male rats. They were divided into four groups of 1 male and 3 female rats. Control group was not exposed to EMF. The 1st group was exposed male rats but not exposed female rats by continuous 2450 MHz EMF. The 2nd group was exposed both male rats and female rats by continuous 2450 MHz EMF. The 3rd group was not exposed male rats and were exposed female rats by continuous 2450 MHz EMF. Before EMF application, all groups were placed into Faraday Cages. Exposure RF was 12 hours from 08:00 to 20:00 hours every day for 30 days. At the end of 30 days all groups were fertilized. On the 18th day of the gestational period, one pregnant rat was sacrificed under general anesthesia and fetuses were taken. The livers of the fetuses were taken into 10% formaldehyde for histopathological evaluation. The other two rats completed the normal delivery process. When the rats were two months old, 3 female and 1 male rats from each group were separated for other generations. The remaining rats were sacrificed under general anesthesia. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver of the rats was enclosed in a -80⁰C refrigerator for catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and 10% formaldehyde for histopathological evaluation. Sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E). The same experiment protocols were continued and the study was completed in 3 generations. Results: There was an increase in the first and third generation MDA levels and a decrease in SOD and CAT activities in the exposure groups compared to the control. Liver histology was normal in the control group. When the liver sections of the first group were compared with the control group, hepatocyte degeneration was observed with hemorrhage and some cytoplasmic vacuolizations. There was hemorrhage, hepatocyte degeneration in the parenchymal areas and some necrotic areas in the liver tissues belonging to the second group. When the liver tissue belonging to the third group was examined, it was similar to the first group but less than the second group, hemorrhage, hepatocyte degeneration and necrosis were observed. Conclusion: When the findings are compared, our data shows that continuous RF-EMF causes oxidative stress and histopathological changes in the rat liver. Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the Erciyes University-The Scientific Research Projects of Turkey (ERUBAP); Project number: TYL-2017-7110.

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World's scientists are taking various approaches to tackle with SARS-COV-2 virus pandemic that was originated from Wuhan, China in late 2019 and caused Covid-19 disease. Researchers found the ultraviolet ability to decontaminate surfaces, air, and water from viruses and bacteria. Different from UVA and UVB, UVC is quite effective in destroying microorganisms. UV from Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) that are polychromatic rays (10-12nm) are more effective in inactivating microorganisms or viruses than monochromatic (<1nm) ones. The influence of UV on the hydrogen bonds between water molecules affects the protein structure and dynamics of deviating their functions. The degree of bond stretching and vibrations between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule determines its ability to dissociate and act as a catalyst. The UV light adds energy to the water molecules and increases their vibrations to the point where they break up. Following this so-called 'transition state', the water cages in the water networks exposed to hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules are rearranged and thus, say the rate of ionic flows inside the ionic channel is changed. Accordingly, disturbance in the water network arrangements leads to the disruption of ionic bonds in functional groups of viral proteins and thus, leads to the disruption of the function of ion channels and viral receptors. However, while electromagnetic radiations decrease the virus infectivity, uncontrolled UV irradiation can cause significant harm to human health and other living organisms. Here, the effect of the UV irradiation on the hydration status of virus spike and membrane channel proteins will be discussed. Further, the effects of free radicals formed by irradiated UV on the structure and dynamics of virus exposed proteins will be shown.

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Background: Issues of menstrual morbidities, menstrual hygiene, and cultural practices are rarely discussed by adolescents. The burden of menstruation and cultural practices which the adolescent girls have to face has been less quantified. This study aims to assess the issues related to menstruation in school girls. Methods: A cross-sectional prospective study was conducted on 1016 school-going adolescent girls in January 2020. A questionnaire in English and in Kannada was distributed to girls of class 8–12 of ages between 10 and 19 years. Results: 70.5% of the girls attained menarche by 12 to 14.9 years, 37.2% of the girls had their periods every 28–34 days, and 12.2% of the girls said they have heavy periods. 61.95% of the girls had dysmenorrheal, and 9.7% of the girls said that they required medications for the pain. 70.7% of the girls were using commercial sanitary napkins, 12.7% were using cloth, and 15.3% were using both. 55.5% of the girls who were using cloth as an absorbent were not drying the cloth in sunlight. 57.1% of the girls were washing their genitals more than 2 times a day. 93.8% were having a bath during menses and 87.2% were using soap along with water. 37.7% of the girls disposed of their pads by burning them, 50.8% of then disposed them in the dust bin, and 4.9% of them buried them. 8.6% of the girls said that they remained completely absent from school during periods. 17.85% said that they remained absent for a day. 53.4% of the respondents said that they have dificulty in concentrating at school. 76.1% said that they had adequate water and sanitation facilities at school. 22.3% said that there was an adequate facility to change their pads at school. 73.2% said that they could get a spare pad at school. 43.3% of the girls said they avoided cultural functions during their periods, and 38.5% said that they avoided religious ceremonies and practices during their periods. 8.7% of the girls were made to sit outside the house during their periods. The girls from rural areas had poorer hygienic habits, in comparison to the urban girls. Cultural restrictions such as sitting outside the house during menstruation and restricting play were more in the rural girls than the urban girls. Conclusion: Menstrual morbidities, menstrual hygiene management, and cultural beliefs all play a role in school absenteeism in adolescent girls. Improvement of facilities at school and conducting awareness programs can help adolescent girls to attend schools.

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Background: Stroke is the most prevalent form of neurological disorder one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The molecular mechanism that underlies is not well understood. NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptor (NMDAR) and tau protein are involved in the progression of stroke. Thrombolytic drug, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator is commonly used for the treatment of stroke but still potent pharmacological treatments are not developed. Insilico drug discovery process provides a new approach for ischemic stroke. Objective: The objective of the current study to screening potent bioactive molecules and to understand their interaction with on the molecular interaction with NMDAR and tau protein by using molecular docking approach Result: A protein-ligand docking method was employed for the present study. Ligand library is created by screening the phytochemical database. Approximately 50 bioactive molecules were screened from and docking analysis was performed on two target proteins (NMDAR and tau protein). Through docking analysis best poses were identified for each protein. The analysis is performed on the basis of binding energy and inhibition constant. Different pharmacological properties of selected drug molecules were also analyzed to determine the in silico ADME properties of these drugs and all were found in the acceptable range and follows Lipinski's rule. Conclusion: The present study has identified the potential bioactive molecules such as gossypin, viniferinetc may act as possible neuroprotective agents against any cerebral ischemia induces alteration of NMDAR and tau protein functional integrities. Further among the selected 10 molecules 'gossypin' was found to be the best bioactive compound interacting with NMDAR and tau protein.

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Aim: Mobile phone usage is increasing day by day and has become an indispensable part of our life. However, people are constantly being exposed to the harmful electromagnetic radiation emitted from mobile phones and the remedy for the same is yet indiscernible. In our current report, we have investigated the role of a high casein diet (HCD) in ameliorating the pancreatic and hepatotoxic effects of mobile phone radiation. Materials and Methods: Mice (n=24) were divided into four groups and maintained as control groups (Gr-A: normal diet; Gr-D: HCD) and mobile phone radiation (SAR value: 1.5 W/ kg at 1g body wt.) exposed groups, irradiated for 3 hours/ day for 90 days (Gr-B: normal diet; Gr-C: HCD). The normal diet contained 5% casein while HCD contained 20% casein. After the tenure of radiation exposure terminates, animals were sacrificed; the pancreatic, hepatic tissues, and blood were collected for the histology and serum isolation respectively. Periodic acid- Schiff staining was performed to assess the glycogen content of hepatic tissue and hematoxylin-eosin staining for general histological analysis. The serum was used to estimate the fasting glucose level. Observations: Increased fasting serum glucose level and shrunken pancreatic islets on radiation exposure may indicate the diabetes progression. Loss of glycogen storage capacity by the liver was observed in radiation exposed group which are suggestive of compromised hepatic functions. Histo-architectural analysis of the liver revealed severely distorted hepatic cells with prominent occurrences of karyorrhexis and karyolysis, irregular and enlarged sinusoidal spaces upon radiation exposure. HCD countermanded these abnormal manifestations of the electromagnetic radiation to a considerable extent. Inference: Thus, electromagnetic radiation from the mobile phone may be responsible for the impairment of glucose metabolism and thereby enhancing the progression of diabetes in mice. In contrast, HCD was prudent in combating these degenerative alterations of mobile phone radiation.

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Background: Occurrence of breast cancer is more among the female despite all the factors. Terminalia chebula is an important medicinal plant in Indian traditional medicine and it is the most frequently used herb in Ayurveda. The plant is described as an astringent, digestive, antiseptic, alterative, laxative, diuretic and carminative. Objective: To study the phytochemical analysis of Terminalia chebula fruit extract as well as to evaluate the synergistic activity of potent plant extracts as anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Methodology: In the present study phytochemical constituent from selected plant material was extracted in different solvents. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and FRAP assay against standard antioxidants. MTT assay was performed to find out the cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effect on MCF- breast cancer cell line Result: Phytochemical analysis of the Terminalia chebula was performed which showed that alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, and saponins. In the context of antioxidant assays almost selected extracts showed moderate activity but the ethanol extract of Terminalia chebula, proven to be having significant antioxidant activity overall extracts. The anti-inflammatory activity of the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line exhibited that good activity with IC50 value 228.82 μg/ml. Conclusion: The study showed that ethanolic extract fruit extract of Terminalia chebula have potential anticancer as well as anti-oxidant activity property.

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Background: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a common disease in premature neonates, which could occur in up to 50% of the VLBW neonates. PDA might induce hemodynamic and respiratory disorders and increase mortality and morbidity. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of oral ibuprofen and a low dose of intravenous paracetamol in the management of PDA. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in NICU of Shri B M Patil Medical College Hospital and Research Center, BLDE (DU), Vijayapura. Study Design: Randomized double-blind study. Study duration: 6 months. Inclusion Criteria: Preterm neonates with the gestational age of <34 weeks and weight of >1000 g with hemodynamically significant symptomatic PDA. Exclusion Criteria: Gestational age > 34 weeks, Birth weight < 1000g and life-threatening illness. In total, 60 preterm neonates were enrolled, 30 of whom received 15 mg/ kg/6 h of intravenous paracetamol for 3 days and 30 neonates received 10 mg/kg of oral ibuprofen on the 1st day and 5 mg/kg for the next 2 days and the results include vital signs and echocardiography findings were compared. Results: In the paracetamol and ibuprofen groups, 24 (80%) and 26 neonates (87%) responded (PDA closure rate) to the treatment, respectively (P = 0.58). Furthermore, paracetamol and ibuprofen have a similar effect on vital signs. Both drugs did not change in blood pressure, but they reduced the respiratory rate and heart rate after treatment. Conclusion: Low dose intravenous paracetamol compared to oral ibuprofen has equal effectiveness in the closure of PDA.

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Brief Biosketch Nasrin Moazami is an Iranian medical microbiologist and biotechnologist. She was awarded a PhD in 1976, from the Faculty of Medicine at Laval University, Canada. Professor Moazami is the pioneer of biotechnology and microalgae-based fuels in Iran. In 2016 Professor Moazami was appointed as a member of the Scientific Board of the International Basic Sciences Program (IBSP) of UNESCO. She is the founder of the Persian Type Culture Collection (PTCC) and the MIRCEN International Network since 1992. She has received the 'Chevalier de I'Orde des Palmes Academiques' for her outstanding professional research. The professor is the author of 5 books. Electromagnetic fields are present everywhere in our environment but are invisible to the human eye. Electric fields are produced by the local build-up of electric charges in the atmosphere associated with thunderstorms. The earth's magnetic field causes a compass needle to orient in a North-South direction and is used by birds and fish for navigation. Electromagnetic fields and/or electromagnetic radiation, as electromagnetic pollution, affect various elements of the environment. Among the elements of that environment, all living organisms should be placed in the first position. The genesis and evolution of life on Earth took place under the natural electromagnetic fields action described for the first time by Schumann, resulted that, the complex processes between nucleotides in DNA and RNA, as well as DNA sequences, are influenced by EMF in the extremely low frequency (ELF) field. The main structural elements of the cell, namely the cell membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm, form a complex electrochemical system. The kinetics and mechanism of biochemical oxide-reduction (redox) reactions that take place in the cytoplasmic volume and at the interface between the cell membrane and the cytoplasm are determined by the EF electric fields acting on them. Under these conditions, EF of anthropogenic origin, by modifying the natural polarization distributions, of the membrane potentials, can disturb the natural development of biochemical processes, so they can be considered a pollutant factor (the environment electromagnetic pollution. EMF produces both in vivo and in vitro effects on most biological systems. In this context, it is noted that eukaryotic microorganism stimulation (algae, yeasts, moulds) and prokaryotes in the electromagnetic field can be an efficient process in their Bioprocess pathway.

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Since late December 2019, humans have been under danger due to an outbreak of a coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease COVID-19. Worldwide uncontrolled occurrences (16,812,755 cases out of which 662,095 died as on 30th July 2020) of COVID-19, challenge to public health infrastructures and becoming a grave threat to the population. The condition is becoming worse as the disease is transmitting through a vast number of asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic cases. While the World is finding expedited approvals for the development of a vaccine, which is time-dependent, being preventative and not possibly a cure, physicians are considering several age-old immunotherapeutic techniques– the Convalescent plasma (CP) therapy and antimalarial drug, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) could be therapeutic options against COVID-19 infection. CP therapy involves the use of passive immunization where the administration of antibodies from a given donor to a susceptible person to initiate the development of immunity to the recipient against SARS-COV-2 is initiated. For the CP therapy to be effective, an adequate amount of antibody has to be administered to the recipient from the donor at the very early stages of the COVID-19 disease. CP therapy for COVID-19 may be beneficial for prophylactic as well as for treatment purposes. But, people may experience any inadvertent untoward effects including immunological reactions and blood-borne pathogenic infections related to blood transfusion. Furthermore, the use of CP therapy may cause antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) or immune enhancement as a result of infectivity and virulence of the pathogen. As employment of the ADE mechanism may be one of the reasons behind the high severity of SARS-CoV-2 among the older population. On the other hand, HCQ has diverse modes of action, like alteration of the acidic environment inside lysosome, late endosomes, restriction further with endocytosis, exosome release, phagolysosomal fusion in systematically and subsequently inhibition of cytokine storm in the host cell. But, a study report from Brazil warns that the high-dose group patients had more severe QT prolongation (syndrome of heart rhythm disorder, causes arrhythmias) and tendency near higher lethality compared to the low dose. At the time of their reporting, the overall fatality rate across both arms of the study was 13.5%. They are indicating that the percentage of fatality rate was overlapping with the patients, not taking HCQ. One of the sums of diverse mechanisms might work against viral infections and help prevent more deaths. Overall, in this situation of unavailability of specific medication, the CP therapy and HCQ treatment might act as an immediate saviour for society from the pandemic.

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Back ground: Anthropometry of facial analysis is very useful in recognition of racial, ethnical, sexual differences and reconstructive surgery of individuals. Aim: In the present study, we aimed to determine the facial index in chronic sinusitis patients of Raichur district, Karnataka through anthropometric study. Objective: To study the facial index in chronic sinusitis patients. Materials and Methods: It is an observational descriptive study done in Anatomy department, RIMS, Raichur which was performed on 24 individuals (13 males & 11 females) aged between 18– 60 years of chronic sinusitis patients. Patient are taken to the radio-diagnosis for Computerized tomography (CT) evaluation & to measure the facial index. Formula for facial index is morphological facial height is measured with caliper scale from nasion to gnathion & facial width is measured as straight distance between the right and left zygions. Results: Facial index was calculated according to the formula and the results obtained were analyzed statistically using the Chi-square test. The highest type of face in chronic sinusitis observed in euryprosopic & hyperleptoprosopic faces (29%) and least type is hypereuryprosopic faces (4%). Conclusion: There is a significant relation of the facial index observed in hypereuryprosopic & leptoprosopic.

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Background: The COVID-19 social distancing measures might have a significant impact on ocular trauma risk which is a major cause of monocular blindness. The pattern of ocular injuries in a region depends upon the activities of the people residing in that area. Despite the major socioeconomic impact, less data is available on the magnitude & risk factors of ocular trauma. Objectives: To study the changing trend of ocular injuries in and around the Vijayapura District before and during the COVID -19 pandemic. Methods: The study was conducted in BLDE Hospital from November 2019-July 2020. Data were analyzed from 24th March 2020 (i.e. the beginning of quarantine measures in Vijayapura District) to July 2020 and confronted with those before the quarantine period (November 2019-24 March 2020). All cases underwent a detailed ocular examination of the anterior and posterior segment with required investigations. Results: In the PRE-COVID study period, there were 47 eye injuries (73.4%); during COVID eye injuries decreased to 17 (26.6%). In both, the study period males were affected more than females. PRE-COVID the proportion of eye injuries was more in adults (34-50 years) however during COVID we see a sharp decline in the age affecting teenage adults (15-34 years). Closed globe injuries were the most common mechanism of injury in the PRE-COVID period (46.8%) trend changed towards injuries involving only ocular adnexa (40%) during the COVID period. Conclusion: There is a drop-in patients seeking emergency eye care COVID-19 pandemic which affected all injuries. Behavioural change during quarantine could be associated with a lower rate of ocular trauma.

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Introduction: Indomethacin (NSAID) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) that has been demonstrated to induce alterations in reproductive organs while Black Tea Extract (BTE), an antioxidant, is capable of protecting against EDC-induced alterations. Aims & Objectives: The current study was designed to investigate the role of black tea extract on biochemical, hormonal, and histological changes in the prostate of male Wister rats treated with indomethacin drugs. Materials and Methods: Adult rats were divided into four groups (n = 6/group); Group I (control); Group II (indomethacin, 5 mg/kg b.wt.; i.p.); Group III (BTE, 2.5 g tea leaf/dL of water, i.e., 2.5% of aqueous BTE, orally) and Group IV (indomethacin + BTE) for 21 successive days. Sperm Count, Motility, Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), Testosterone levels, total protein, GSH, CAT, and MDA levels and the histopathological aspects of the prostate gland were studied. Statistical Analysis: Statistical comparisons were performed using the one-way ANOVA, followed by post-hoc t-test. Results: Indomethacin treated rats “Group” II exhibited a significant (P≤0.05) declining in the sperm count, motility PSA and testosterone concentration, total protein, GSH concentration, and CAT activity. A high concentration of MDA levels in the serum indicated the appearance of oxidative stress status in the Wister rats. The indomethacin had a significant impact on the weight, and histopathology of glandular “acini” and excretory “ducts” revealed hyperplasia, intra-luminal budding of epithelia as well as tubular atrophy. Conclusion: Administration of black tea extract abrogated the toxic effect induced by indomethacin on the prostate gland.

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Introduction: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that manifests before the age of three. ASD is characterized by a triad of limited or absent verbal communication, a lack of reciprocal social interaction or responsiveness, and restricted, stereotypic patterns of interests and behavior. More than 1 million cases per year are reported in India. It is now believed that ASD is due to complex genetic and environmental interactions. Changes in over 1,000 genes have been reported to be associated with ASD. Many of the associated genes are involved in the development and functions of the brain. The proposed candidate gene for ASD includes the Neuroligin (NLGN). It is a cell adhesion protein on the postsynaptic membrane involved in Synaptogenesis. Objective: To screen the variants in NLGN3 gene associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Methods: 1821 mentally ill children from the North Karnataka region of Karnataka, India were screened as per DSM-V Criteria and 108 autistic were included in the study. Genomic DNA was extracted and the candidate gene was amplified using standard PCR condition. The product was sequenced for genetic variation. Result: one 5' UTR variant, one missense variant, and four 3' UTR variants were recorded. The novel Coding sequence variant c.551 T>C transition was observed in 16 autistics (14.81%). This transition changes Valine to Alanine (p.Val184Ala). This may lead to abnormal neuronal cell surface Protein. Conclusion: This was the first study in Karnataka on genetic aspects of autism. Only one coding sequence variant was observed in 14.81% of our population. This variant may lead to potentially abnormal Neuroligin for the etiology of autism in north Karnataka.

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Objective: The current study was designed to scientifically validate the effect of Sumanas (SMS), a polyherbal formulation, against the Colchicine-induced animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Methods: The memory enhancing the activity of SMS was demonstrated by colchicine induced model. The anti-Alzheimer activity was studied by evaluating serum levels of GSH, LPO, CAT, AChE contents. Results and Discussion: Colchicine produced a significant alteration in serum enzymes namely, LPO, GSH, CAT, AChE levels but this was reversed by oral administration of Sumanas (25, 50, 100 mg/Kg) in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: The results of the current study establish, Sumanas can be utilized as appropriate herbal medicine to treat Alzheimer's disease models since it has improved the cognitive impairment through memory enhancing property.

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Brief Biosketch Professor Klarskov Klaus did his Post-doctorate (Senior Research Fellow) in 2001 and Post-doctorate (Research Fellow) in 1997, State University of Ghent (Gent) and Doctorate (Doctor of Philosophiae) in 1991, Odense University. Dr Klarskov is interested in oxidative-stress induced post-translational protein modifications and their consequences in pathologies like adverse-drug reactions, cardiovascular and neurological diseases. The professor is having about 65 peer-reviewed publications in his credit and many presentations in various conferences. Viral infections are continuously challenging humanity. Influenza is a common yearly threat to people with the deficient immune system. Recently, a new strain of coronavirus (covid-19) causing similar symptoms to influenza albeit with frequent severe respiratory illnesses, was first reported in Wuhan (China). This virus has spread to most of the world's populations. Although extensive measures have been established in many countries to control the spread of the virus, continuous outbreaks still occur. From an early time, plant extracts have been known for their beneficial effects to treat common viral infections. Polyphenols represent a large group of chemical compounds (antioxidants) present in plant extracts. In this presentation, scientific examples that demonstrate the potential beneficial effects of polyphenols to inhibit viral (influenza and corona) proliferation in vitro will be discussed.

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Brief Biosketch He is the author of 5 books and edited 7 books (chapters). He has published peer-reviewed articles in several reputed journals. He is serving as a Course Coordinator for Undergraduate (MD) teaching: Environmental health. There are 2 notified research grants in his credit: CIHR Project Grant (Spring 2019) and NSERC along with 3 ongoing projects. He was awarded Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University Outstanding Research Excellence Award (2015) and SSHRC Travel Grants Competition, Annual conference of International Society of Environmental Epidemiology, Basel, Switzerland (2013). His area of research interest is Environmental contamination and ecosystem health, Climate change and health, Indigenous health, Global Health and Social epidemiology. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are the exogenous substances that can cause adverse health effects through disruption to the body's endocrine systems. This can result in changes to circulating hormone concentrations, which act as signals to regulate growth, metabolism and reproduction. Hormones are maintained at very low concentrations in the bloodstream; therefore, even low levels of EDC exposure can have large consequences on endocrine homeostasis. The potential adverse health effects resulting from exposure to EDCs, including developmental abnormalities, abnormal hormonal profiles, disorders of the reproductive systems, increased incidence of cancer, and alterations to both the immune and nervous systems. There are numerous chemicals used in our day to day basis have endocrine disruption property, such as pesticides, flame retardants, and various other industrial chemicals. Humans are exposed to those chemicals from direct exposures while using them, and also from the diet. EDCs reach environment from deposition via industrial effluents or direct application and also through wastewater and landfills. Eventually, these chemicals destine to aquatic ecosystems, such as rivers, ponds, lakes, seas and oceans. Humans further get exposed to EDCs by eating marine products. The bio-accumulative and bio-magnification nature of EDCs result in their very high levels in large predatory fish and marine mammals. Studies show the people who regularly eat marine products contaminated with EDCs encounter various forms of adverse health outcomes such as thyroid hormone disruptions, infertility, and other endocrine diseases. Despite extensive literature available in industrialized countries, studies conducted in resource constraint countries are very few. Therefore, more research needed to generate further evidence.

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Brief Biosketch He is the President of Life Sciences International Postgraduate Educational Center and head of UNESCO Chair in Life Sciences. Professor Sinerik is one of the leading authority in membrane biophysics and cellular transport mechanism experts in the world. He is the author of 7 books and 185 papers in refereed journals, and is serving as a member of Editorial Board of ISRN Biophysics, the Board of Associate Editors for the “Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine”. His current research interest is “Intracellular Signalling System in Norm and Pathology”. His immense contribution in membrane biophysics has shaped modern science in wide perspectives. He is a member of the International Coordination Council of WHO. Under his Chair, several Universities from different countries coordinate PhD curriculum in biophysics, neurosciences, environmental health, Biotechnology including agribiotechnology.

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Background & Objectives: In modern times, dependence on mobile phones has skyrocketed and so has the susceptibility to be exposed to its irradiated electromagnetic waves that culminate its fatal effects on different physiological systems, even on the male reproductive system. This study investigated whether the adverse effects caused by mobile phone radiation on male albino mice can be mitigated by a high protein diet (HPD). Methodology: Male Swiss Albino mice (n=24) were administered a standard laboratory diet (Groups A & B) or HPD, fortified with 20% casein (Groups C & D) and Groups A (n=6) and D (n=6) served as controls. Animals of Groups B (n=6) and C (n=6) were exposed to electromagnetic radiation, GSM like frequencies of 1.8 GHz emitted from the mobile phone (Micromax Bharat 2; Q 402), connected with a power meter with a specific absorption rate 1.6W/kg for 3 hours continuously per day for 3 months on the exposed groups. The animals were sacrificed after the exposure period & the tissues were weighed and collected for the histology; sperm was isolated for total count, motility and viability assays, and ultrastructural analysis. Results: Total number of sperm and the weights of the testicular tissues and the other accessory sex organs are markedly altered with respect to the control when exposing to the E.M.R of mobile phone. The structure of the sperm was distorted as assessed by scanning electron microscopy, the motility (progressive and non-progressive), and viability of the sperms were severely compromised on exposure to E.M.R. Histological analysis of testicular tissues showed distorted morphology and cellular disorientation on radiation exposure. Signs of improvement in all these parameters were recorded in the group exposed to E.M.R. and supplemented with HPD. Conclusion: The use of mobile phones drastically impacts the reproductive functions and casein enriched HPD proved its efficacy in preventing these detrimental effects of electromagnetic radiation of mobile phones in male mice.

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A study on the hydrotropic solubility and linearity profile of Apixaban was carried out by using Sodium Salicylate as the solubilizing agent as Apixaban is poorly soluble in water. Apixaban was freely soluble in water when 1.5M Sodium Salicylate used as a solubilizing agent. Apixaban shows an absorption maximum at 318nm in the first derivative mode of measurement using UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Pazopanib shows a linear response in the concentration range of 2 microgram/ml to 15 microgram/ml. The outcomes of present semi validated work is useful for the aqueous solubilization and quantitative determination of Apixaban in bulk drug and in pharmaceutical formulations avoiding toxic solvents i.e. green and eco-friendly way.

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Brief Biosketch Prof. (Dr) Md Iqbal Alam working as head of the Department of Physiology at HIMSR, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi. He did his PhD from the University of Calcutta. He was awarded Best Poster in International Conference on Recent Advances in Food fortification with emphasis on Vitamin D in human health, 2018 at Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi., First Prize, best scientific paper awarded in Poster presentation in The inaugural workshop of UNESCO/UNITWIN Network on PhD education and research in Biophysics, Biotechnology and Environmental health. Prof.Iqbal Alam is one of the Coordinators of UNESCO/UNITWIN Network under UNESCO Chair-Life Sciences. He is the author of numerous research publications. Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex disorder represented by a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors associated with central fat deposition, abnormal plasma lipid levels, elevated blood pressure, insulin resistance and inflammation. MetS has also been related to increased oxidative and nitrosative stress. High levels of ROS production and reduction in antioxidants lead to endothelial dysfunction characterized by a reduction in the bioavailability of vasodilators, particularly nitric oxide (NO). Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted to delineate the relationship between nitric oxide with the metabolic syndrome developed in High carbohydrate diet (HCD) fed Wistar rats. The relationship was further proven with the help of biochemical and histological studies. Results: After 22 weeks on HCD, rats showed a progressive increase in body weight (obesity) along with dyslipidemia and decreased nitric oxide concentration. The cardiovascular signs included increased systolic blood pressure, left ventricle pressure and endothelial dysfunction together with inflammation, fatty vacuolation, congestion and degeneration of cardiac muscle were found in experimental animals. Conclusion: High carbohydrate diet alone induces metabolic syndrome, and according to our study more effects were seen in rats fed with high carbohydrate diet along with sucrose solution. There was impairment of hemodynamic parameters and increased oxidative stress especially endothelial dysfunction, along with dyslipidemia and inflammation.

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Brief Biosketch Prof. M. Iqbal Choudhary has done his PhD and D.Sc from the University of Karachi. Prof. M. Iqbal Choudhary is Director ICCBS and Professor of Bioorganic and Natural Product Chemistry. Prof. Choudhary has made pioneering contributions in the discovery of novel natural products since 1990. He has discovered many potent anti-epileptic and anti-leishmanial compounds from indigenous medicinal plants that are under clinical trials. Prof. Choudhary has 1,027 publications (Citations above 23,000, h index 62) in the fields of organic and bioorganic chemistry, along with 57 international patents (51 US Patents), 68 books, and 40 chapters in books. His areas of research interest are Bioorganic and structural organic chemistry. The coronavirus first originated from Wuhan city of China causes the world upside down. The novel coronavirus merely in 12 weeks has led to the first pandemic in over a century. The top issue for states and governments around the globe is tackling COVID-19 to resume socio-economic status, and revert to normal routine life. Pakistan was caught unprepared. Despite the outbreak in the neighbour country, there was a lack of appreciation of the volume of land travel between the borders. Facilities to screen and quarantine potential carriers were negligible. Initially, the diagnostic facilities for massive coronavirus screening program and life-supporting equipment facilities were limited. The subsequent responses by the federal and provisional governments, law enforcement agencies, philanthropists, universities, and research institutions were robust. Such authorities developed coordinated activities to overcome such barriers, and to establish a well-developed infrastructure in the health care system in Pakistan. The focus was on utilization of internal resources to provide personal protective equipment to frontline healthcare practitioners, staff members, develop diagnostic assay kit, and life-supporting equipment, etc. Indeed, to combat future epidemics and pandemics, countries need to prepare themselves by getting more knowledge at the molecular level of infectious diseases, and diagnostics system. Besides, there is also a need for the advancement of technology to keep pace with the rapidly evolving microbial world.

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Emergence of new virus and their heterogeneity are growing at an alarming rate. COVID-19 officially called SARS-CoV-2 is a newly emerging human infectious disease caused by the coronavirus that led to global pandemic. Most of the studies have highlighted that COVID-19 damages the lungs as the main target organ, while few studies have described that SARS-CoV-2 is also involved in liver and kidneys impairment. Several studies had reported that liver and kidney disease is a global burden and was responsible for about 2millions of death annually, with 50% of these associated with complications due to liver cirrhosis and the other half linked to hepatocellular carcinoma and viral hepatitis. According to the studies it was noted that hepatic abnormalities significantly increases after infection with COVID-19 and during the course of the disease. In addition to liver injuries, few studies have also reported a greater occurrence of acute renal injury following COVID-19, which could be due to the manifestation of SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, it was noted that patients with acute renal injury have a greater mortality rate compared to other patients. According to the reports, biomarkers of liver injuries increases in patients with COVID-19, though, no virus was found in the liver tissue of patients who died from the disease. This is to be expected, as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) receptor, a vital performer in the “docking” and replication of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is not expressed in hepatocytes. However, ACE2 expression has been reported in cholangiocytes, leading to the binding of SARS-CoV-2 to the epithelial cells of the biliary tree may cause biliary dysfunction. Various studies also suggest that transient liver injuries observed in COVID-19 patients may be concomitant with cytokine storm or hypoxia and drug toxicity. It was also reported that the ACE2 receptor is overexpressed in the tubular cells of patients with CKD. Alteration in kidney functions, characterised by increased serum creatinine and urea nitrogen, was also testified in patients with COVID-19. Hence, frequent and careful monitoring of liver and kidney functions in patients with COVID-19 can lead to early diagnosis of liver and kidney disorders, and also help in achieving the optimal therapeutic concentrations and reducing the risk of adverse drug reactions. Traditional medicine continues to be practised for healing the hepato-renal dysfunctions, but the effective cost of treatments, several side effects and resistance development of currently used drugs in the treatment have led to increasing emphasis on the use of probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) mediated bacteriotherapy, herbal plant materials, herbal gold nanomedicines as a non-conventional alternative management for the prevention of hepatorenal dysfunctions. Hence, further investigations are required to find out the potential beneficial effects of these protective agents to fight against COVID-19 associated hepato-renal dysfunctions.

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Background: Ocular manifestations of pediatric ALL may be the presenting sign of the disease or may signify leukemic recurrence. Objective: To report papilledema in a diagnosed case of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia during remission. Methods: A case report from a tertiary center in North Karnataka of a 7-year-old male, who is a known case of ALL-L1 and being treated on ICICLE protocol; presents with sudden onset headache and vomiting 7 months after documented remission. Routine blood examination, CSF analysis and MRI brain were performed. Ocular Examination: The anterior segment was normal with visual acuity of 6/6 in both eyes. IDO examination & fundus photography revealed papilledema. Results: The child was diagnosed with secondary viral meningitis based on CSF analysis and the MRI brain showed mild hydrocephalus. Papilledema and general condition of the patient improved on starting steroids and antiviral drugs along with Chemotherapy. Conclusion: Papilledema is a common ocular finding in ALL with CNS involvement, which responded to an established line of management.

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Background: Deficiency of vitamin B12 and folic acid is becoming common now– a– days because of food fads and poor ingestion of fruits and vegetables. Resulting in the re-emergence of megaloblastic anemia. Objectives: In this case series, we want to highlight the importance of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency as a cause of severe anemia in children. Materials and Methods: Eight children with severe (Hb< 8gm/dl) anemia, & positive peripheral smear (i.e. macrocytic red cell precursors) were included in the study. The study period was for 7 months (August 2019 to February 2020). Results: Severe anemia in all cases, 6 (75%) cases had dimorphic anemia, 2 (25%) cases had megaloblastic anemia. The diagnosis was confirmed by vitamin B12 & folic acid assay and bone marrow aspiration. The response to supplementation with vitamin B12 and folic acid was good. Incidentally, all the patients were girls in the adolescent age group. Conclusion: 1. There seems to be a trend towards increasing the incidence of preventable nutritional Vit.B12 and Folate deficiency esp. in adolescent girls. This may have adverse effects on the next generation once the lady bears a child. 2. Increasing protective diet like vegetable and fruit intake, (the essential micronutrient-rich diet) can prevent severe nutritional anemia.

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Brief Biosketch Prof. Sharaine Fernando is the Dean and Professor of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura. She has delivered the A.C.E. Koch Memorial Oration 2015 on “Lead and Cadmium as Male Reproductive Toxicants; the Known and Unknown” at the University of Colombo in the year 2015. She was the former President and co-founder of the South Asian Association of Physiologists (SAAP). Her area of research interest is the Medical and Health profession education and reproductive health. Spermatozoa are unique specialised cells produced in the testis, stored in the epididymis and transferred to another human/animal where it performs its function of fertilization. They are designed to accomplish several consecutive phases, each one independent and highly critical in achieving fertilization. Each step in the process of spermatogenesis, spermiogenesis and release of spermatozoa are very well regulated by neuroendocrine mechanisms. These regulatory mechanisms can be disrupted by exogenous and endogenous factors. Environmental pollution is one of the major contributors to the external factors. Of them, exposure to a myriad of chemicals and physical agents and heavy metals could lead to disturbances in neuroendocrine regulation, immunological defects and structural and functional abnormalities in the reproductive system. The effects of physical agents such as heat, ionising radiation and electromagnetic waves due to environmental pollution are significant. In addition, disruption of testicular thermoregulation and the blood-testis barrier due to many exogenous factors adversely affect male reproductive function. The main function of the male reproductive system is to produce healthy sperm having a head, midpiece and a tail, each structure playing a crucial role in the fertilization process. The head contains DNA/chromatin that needs to be correctly condensed and de-condensed. The midpiece contains the energy-generating mitochondria and the tail has the flagellum transforming energy into movement. Sperm also possess the ability of oocyte recognition, fusion, and intracellular structures and factors affecting early embryo development and division. In addition, the male reproductive system produces steroid hormones and performs the function of deposition of spermatozoa in the female reproductive tract to enable fertilization. All these functions are adversely affected by environmental toxicants. The effects of harmful environmental pollutants are known to cause damage due to exposure during foetal, neonatal peripubertal or adult life. Scientists warn that exposure to some agents may cause a range of effects such as infertility, sexual dysfunction, testicular malignancies and gonadal dysgenesis which may even last for many generations.

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Brief Biosketch Academician A. M. Goltsev became the Director of the IPC&C in 2011. Anatoly M. Goltsev is the one who initiated and is the co-author of the researches on development of cryopreservation techniques, long-term preservation and maintenance of the integrity of biological objects of different origins. Academician A.M. Goltsev for the first time proved the possibility of directional change in immunoreactivity of allogeneic bone marrow after cryopreservation with certain modes minimizing an immune conflict in the form of graft-versus-host disease. A. M. Goltsev is the author of over 400 scientific papers, including 4 monographs and 22 patents. For his work, he was awarded many awards like Diploma of the scientific and medical community in Kharkiv (1992), recognised as Soros Professor (1998), V. Ya. Danilevskiy Prize (2002) State Prize of Ukraine in the field of science and technology (2002) the medal of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine “For scientific achievement” (2008). The COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, is a global problem today. Existing strategies to overcome the COVID-19 are focused on the use of drugs with direct antiviral action, modulation of the innate immune response, suppression of the “cytokine storm”, use of convalescent plasma and more. Importantly, the deregulation of the interaction of innate and adaptive immune systems causes the start of the autoimmune process in the body of the virus carrier, which requires an emphasis on the treatment of such diseases, taking into account the dominant autoimmune component and the use of the drugs with immune suppressive activity, including the cell therapy. Current research shows that drugs based on cord blood (CB) have a versatile potential. The CB contains hematopoietic, mesenchymal stem and differentiated cells (Treg) together with the protein components of plasma, that determines its immunotropic and immunosuppressive properties. Cryobiological techniques (cryopreservation, lyophilization) are mandatory components of long-term storage and use of cell therapy drugs in clinical practice. Experimental studies performed at IPC&C of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine have proven the ability of cryopreserved products of CB to prevent the development of viral infection and possible complications caused by it. It was shown that the preliminary introduction of cryopreserved CB leukoconcentrate (cCBLC) prevented the development of influenza in the animals infected with influenza virus (strain A/Victoria/3/75(H3N2)), promoted antiviral antibodies and the formation of the dynamic balance of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The effectiveness of cCBLC is related to the possibility of reprogramming the genes responsible for the implementation of the body's immune responses and induction of “trained” immunity. Such a modification of the immune system state can be the most promising in protecting the body against viruses, in particular COVID-19. Created techniques of cryopreservation of a wide range of cell drugs provide not only their long-term storage but also increase their inherent therapeutic characteristics, which is relevant for their further clinical use. Currently, the results show that cryopreservation and lyophilization stimulate the functional potential of Treg, increasing the immune regulatory properties of lyophilized leukoconcentrate of human CB.

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Background: Retinitis pigmentosa or pigmentary retinal dystrophy denotes a clinically and genetically diverse group of inherited diffuse retinal degenerative diseases. The classic triad of findings comprises bony spicules, retinal pigmentation, arteriolar attenuation and waxy disc pallor. Ushers syndrome is autosomal recessive disorder characterized by sensorineural hearing loss or deafness and progressive vision loss due to retinitis pigmentosa. The key features of the rod-cone type of disease are progressive night blindness and tunnel vision, symptoms that become more severe as more rods die. Typically, both eyes are affected similarly. Case Discussion: As told by informant (patient's brother) 45-year male who is deaf and dumb since birth presented with chief complaint of difficulty in seeing in night since 19 years and diminution of vision of both eyes during day time also since last 4 years. Ocular Examination: the patient had posterior subcapsular cataract in visual axis in both eyes. FUNDUS: Bony spicules shaped pigments over mid periphery extending posteriorly; decreased A-V ratio; blood vessels showing arteriolar attenuation; tessellated background with retinal pigment epithelium atrophy. Family History: Patient is deaf and dumb since birth. Pedigree suggest autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. Vestibular Function: RINNE: Positive; WEBER: central ABC: decreased in both ears (with 512 Hz) Conclusion: Patient has Retinitis Pigmentosa along with posterior subcapsular cataract which is one of the common associations in patients of RP. Patient also has sensorineural hearing loss which needs to be confirmed with pure tone audiometry. These findings fit into diagnosis of Ushers Syndrome.

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Introduction: Caserean delivery is the most commonly performed in obstetrics. Antibiotics have revolutionised the surgical practice in this era. But multidrug resistance is a challenging issue in practice. So antibiotics have to be administered judiciously at the appropriate time with respect to surgery. Aim: To determine whether the administration of single-dose injection ceftriaxone 1gm intravenously prior to skin incision was superior to the administration at the time of cord clamping for prevention of post-caesarean maternal infectious. Material and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in BLDE (DU) Shri B M Patil medical college and research centre, Vijayapura, Karnataka. Patients undergoing caesarean sections for singleton term pregnancies both elective and emergency with intact membranes were included in the study during the one-year period. Alternatively, Group A received 1gm Injection ceftriaxone intravenously 60 mins before skin incision and group B received at the time of cord clamping during surgery. Results: Incidence of obstetric complications such as nausea (0.5% vs 0.0%) and wound infections (6.6% vs 4.1%) were more in patients received a single dose of ceftriaxone at cord clamping than patients received the same antibiotic, preoperatively. Whereas, the incidence of postoperative fever was more in patients received a single dose of ceftriaxone preoperatively (4.1%) than intraoperatively (3.3%) which was although not significant but is an important finding in our study. Conclusion: Administration of single-dose antibiotic either preoperatively or at the time of cord clamping was not statistically significant in reducing the incidence of wound infections. However, we noticed that the antibiotic administration pre-operatively reduced the infections compared to the cord clamp group.

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Background: Altered glucose homeostasis due to hyperlipidemia mainly revolves around pathophysiological effects of abnormal lipid levels and insulin resistance. Reduced HRV an indicator of cardiac autonomic function is connected with greater risk of cardiovascular diseases. Glucose homeostasis markers were related with reduced cardiac autonomic functions in diabetic rats but results reported were discordant with those without diabetes. Aims and objectives: Study aimed to assess relation between glucose homeostasis with HRV among hyperlipidemic rats and to assess protective glucose regulatory actions of Emblica officinalis on hyperlipidemic rats. Material and Methods: Ethanolic extract of Emblica Officinalis (EEO) was prepared. Rats were divided into four groups (n=6); group 1- Control (20% fat); group 2 (20% fat+ EEO 100 mg/kg/b w); group 3 (30% fat) and group 4 (30% fat + EEO 100 mg/kg/b w) for 21 days.Gravimetry and electrophysiological analysis (HRV and sympathovagal balance) were done. In vivo, tests on glucose regulatory system were conducted like fasting and postprandial glucose, fasting insulin levels and Oral Glucose Tolerance Test. Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. ANOVA and Pearson's correlation was done to analyze the data. Results: Subchronic supplementation of EEO to hyperlipidemic rats showed a significant beneficial effect on altered glucose homeostasis. An electrophysiological evaluation revealed altered sympathovagal balance in hyperlipidemic rats which indicate cardiac autonomic malfunctions and found to be improved in EEO supplemented rats. A significant correlation was observed between HRV and glucose homeostasis. Conclusion: Impairment in glucose homeostasis due to High-fat diet is associated with altered heart rate variability. EEO supplementation found to be protective against high-fat diet-induced cardiac autonomic dysfunction and glucose metabolism.

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Benzofuranones and nitrogen mustards have reported alkylating properties, this work is aimed to synthesize some benzofuranones fused with nitrogen mustards. Substituted benzofuranones were synthesized by condensation of 2-hydroxy benzaldehydes and substituted 2-hydroxy acetophenones and further fused with nitrogen mustards gave high yields of target compounds 2-(2-(2-(Bis(2chloroethyl)amino)ethoxy)benzylidene)benzofuran-3(2H)-one derivatives. The synthesized compounds were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR and LCMS spectral studies. Further, the synthesized compounds were subjected to 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay on A-549 and MCF-7 cell lines for its in-vitro cytotoxic activity. All the synthesized compounds showed promising cytotoxic activity in which AN-O-04 showed minimum CTC-50 proving its cytotoxic efficacy.

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EMPODAT database is a part of the NORMAN database system based on geo-referenced and biomonitoring and provides information on emerging environmental contaminants in various matrices such as air, water, soil, sewage, sludge, and biota. This database consists of data on newly emerging substances that are known to be present but not yet included in regular chemical monitoring programs. POPs are a global threat to the ecosystem and human health. POPs such as Pre and Perfluorochemicals (PFASs), Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and Bisphenol A (BPA) are widely present in various environmental matrices and interfere with the normal function of the human body. The proposed research has analyzed the data from the EMPODAT NORMAN database system by focusing on PFASs, PBDEs, and BPA. The study is still ongoing. The data from 28 European countries, including international water, were retrieved and subjected to statistical analysis. The data were arranged according to their specific chemical concentration observed in respective environmental matrices and followed by a recording of fluctuations of these substances in specific time duration and environmental zone. The preliminary analysis shows the individual concentration of chemical substances retrieved from biota (fish, Molluscs, and Macrophytes), surface water (Adriatic Sea, Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Dahle, Danube, Ipel, Spree, Rhine rivers, etc.), groundwater (Adour-Garonne, Artois Picardie, Loire-Bretagne, Rhin-Meuse, Seine-Normandie, and Siverskyi Donets river basins), sediments (Adriatic Sea, Albarine, Anoia, Black sea, Cardener, Danube, North sea, Po, Scheldt estuary, Seine rivers, etc.), sewage sludge (Adour Garonne, Danube, Saronikos gulf river basins, etc.), and wastewater (Brenta, Danube, Itchen, Po, and Saronikos gulf river basins) that were reported over a period of time mostly from 2003 to 2016.

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Objective: Intravenous oxytocin during vaginal delivery has been rarely used as an intramuscular route or intravenous infusions are preferred. The trial aims to compare low dose Intravenous (IV) bolus 3IU of oxytocin along with 7IU oxytocin infusion to 10IU oxytocin infusion in cesarean section. Materials and Methods: A total of 320 term pregnant women were randomized to either 3IU IV bolus and 7IU infusion of oxytocin or 10IU of IV oxytocin infusion. The difference in pre- and post-delivery haemoglobin levels, tone of the uterus, hemodynamic changes, adverse effects of the drug, need for additional uterotonics and need for blood transfusions were assessed. Results: There were more women who had a drop in the haemoglobin of 3gm/dl in the intramuscular oxytocin group than the IV bolus- infusion group (11%vs 4%), though the difference was not statistically significant. The tone of the uterus was firmer in the IV bolus group at 3 and 5 minutes. There was no significant difference in the hemodynamic changes, adverse effects, need for additional uterotonics or need for blood transfusions. Conclusion: Intravenous bolus of 3IU with 7IU infusion of oxytocin is as safe as and more effective than Intramuscular injection of 10 IU of oxytocin during vaginal delivery for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage.

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Introduction / Background: Diphtheria is potentially fatal, vaccine preventable disease. The burden of disease is more in developing countries. The incidence of diphtheria has decreased since the introduction of an effective vaccine in the routine immunization schedule. However, incomplete immunization and failing to receive routine immunization has led to re-emergence of this disease. Aims and objectives: To study the clinical profile, immunization status, morbidity and mortality of patients presented with Diphtheria. Methods: The medical records of children admitted at PICU with Diphtheria from Jan 2018 to Dec 2018were collected from Medical records department. Case details were collected in the proforma after getting approval from the institutional ethical committee. The relevant data collected and outcome were recorded and studied. Results: Among eleven patients of clinically suspected Diphtheria most common age group was 6-11 yrs. No difference in sex distribution, 2 (18.2%) were completely immunized, 1(9.1%) was unimmunized and 8(72.7%) were partially immunized. Majority of patients presented with fever (90.9%), oral patch (63%), bull neck (45.5%) and sore throat (45.5%). Albert stain was positive in 5 (45.5%) patients. ADS was given for 9 (81.8%) patients. Complications developed include Myocarditis 4(36.4%), Airway obstruction 3(27.3%), palatal palsy2 (18.2%), encephalitis 1 (9.15) patient. Four patients (36.4%) improved, 4 left AMA, and 3 (27.3%) children had mortality. Conclusion: There is a resurgence of Diphtheria cases with a high mortality rate which is contributed by incomplete vaccination, which stresses the need for improvement and strengthening of the immunization status of children.

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Introduction: Hearing deficiency is the most common sensory incompetence that affects millions of people all over the world. Profound Deafness is a common disorder that occurs in 1:1000 neonates and the cause is hereditary. Gap Junction Beta2 (GJB2) gene which codes for connexion 26 protein is implicated in hearing. Mutation or defect in this gene leads to the most common form of the congenital disorder called Deaf Mutism (DM). The present study aims to screen the common variants associated with hearing impairment. Objective: To Screen common variants 35delG, W24X, W77X, and Q124X in connexin 26 gene of the North Karnataka population. Methods: 613 deaf-mute children from districts of North Karnataka were screened and 184 Non Syndromic Sensorineural Hearing-impaired children were included in the study. Genomic DNA was isolated using peripheral blood. Our gene of interest was amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using target-specific primers. The PCR product was subjected to sequencing to analyze the mutations. Result: In our population prevalence of W24X, W77X variants were 25% & 5.4% respectively and 35 del G and Q124X mutations were absent. Along with this common variant, I33T (5.4%) and R127H (14.6%) were also observed. Conclusion: above findings suggests that Gap junction Beta 2 gene plays a crucial role in hearing impairment. Mutation analysis of the entire GJB2 gene in our population may help to define the etiology of deafness as well as the development of population-specific prenatal and perinatal genetic markers.

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Oxadiazole is a five-membered heterocyclic compound containing oxygen and two nitrogen atoms at C-1, C-3 and C-4 positions respectively. These derivatives are synthesized by both conventional as well as microwave-assisted. 1,3,4-Oxadiazole have reported a wide spectrum of activities such as antibacterial, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antipyretic, and antihypertensive activities Hence, some new 1,3,4–oxadiazoles will be synthesized from 4-(morpholine-4-yl) benzohydrazide (Compound IV) refluxed with ethyl chloroformate followed by amino acid and hydrazine hydrate gives 2-({5-[4-(morpholine-4-yl) phenyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl}amino) acetohydrazide (Scheme-IV) which is treated with aromatic aldehyde gives 1,3,4-oxadiazoles derivatives. Compound IV refluxed with ethyl chloroformate in presence of anhydrous potassium carbonate gives an intermediate product which is treated with phosphoric tri-chloride followed by thionyl chloride gives 4-[4-(5-chloro-1,3,4-oxadiazol -2-yl)phenyl] morpholine (Scheme-V) it undergoes reflux with substituted aromatic aldehydes in presence of anhydrous aluminium trichloride in ethanol or THF (tetrahydrofuran) gives 1,3,4-oxadiazoles derivatives. These synthesized compounds were subjected to 2D-QSAR study. A series of 28 molecules belonging to 2-({5-[4-(morpholine-4-yl) phenyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl}amino) acetohydrazide reaction scheme-SMRB4 and 4-[4-(5-chloro-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenyl] morpholine reaction scheme-SMRB5 derivatives Anti-inflammatory were taken and used. The 2D-QSAR Models were generated using a training set of molecules by MLR (Multiple regressions) 2D-QSAR method.

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Background: Pancytopenia is the reduction in all three major cellular elements of the blood; hence it is the simultaneous presence of anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Pancytopenia is associated with many maternal and fetal complications during pregnancy like maternal sepsis, postpartum hemorrhage, pre-eclampsia and preterm labor, IUGR and intrauterine fetal demise. Methods: The study was conducted at BLDE (Deemed to be) University, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College Hospital, and Research Centre. It's an observational study done from November 2019-April 2020. The participants enrolled in the study were subjected to further clinical and laboratory evaluation and followed for a feto-maternal outcome. Results: The incidence of pancytopenia with pregnancy in this study was 3% and all the patients were vegetarian by diet along with vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency. They were associated with different maternal and fetal complications. Conclusions: Proper dietary counseling and well-balanced dietary plans even with plant originate food can prevent micronutrients deficiency and avoid deleterious consequences like pancytopenia.

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Background: Antenatal care (ANC) is a pregnancy care. Access to these services enables skilled health care professionals to identify and treat potential risks to expecting woman and unborn baby to ensure safe delivery. Deprived of proper care and inappropriate drug use during pregnancy, prenatal complications may rise. Objectives: To assess knowledge, attitude, and practice of antenatal care and drug related problems among study population. Method: A hospital based prospective study was conducted in OBG department of BLDEA's hospital Vijaypur, Karnataka. A total of 94 subjects were studied and reviewed for drug therapy related problems and were assessed for their knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of antenatal care using validated questioner for two successive follow-ups. Eclectic method of counseling was used to address gaps in KAP. All extracted data was documented and analyzed by paired t/ Wilcoxon signed rank test to report the impact of counseling. Result: Knowledge, attitude and practice scores were increased in the first and second follow-up, significance (p<0.001) of counseling was observed. There were 250 drugs from 19 different categories prescribed by the health care professional. Among that 14 pharmaceutical care issues detected by pharmacist were evaluated for appropriate intervention with health care professional and by providing proper counselling to study population. Conclusion: The present study reveals that there is a positive significance of the Pharmacist led drug therapy optimization and impact of counseling on knowledge, attitude and practice of antenatal care among pregnant women.

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Background: Preeclampsia (PE) complicates 3~8% of all pregnancies. In developing countries, the perinatal and neonatal mortality rate due to PE is about 10% worldwide. Preeclampsia is characterized by decreasedmaternal circulating pro-angiogenicproteins like placental growth factor (PIGF), prior to clinical signs of PE, which is involved in its pathogenesis. Studies have demonstrated low PlGF as a PE predictorbutthe clinical utility of PlGF is not yet generally established andonly few studies have focused on neonatal outcomes. Objectives: To correlate the PIGF with severity of PE and to find out the best cut-off of PIGF for prediction of PEby ROC curve analysis and find association with neonatal outcome. Methods: The study was conducted tertiary care hospital North Karnataka. Forty singleton primigravidaPE patients diagnosed as per ACOG guide lines and 40 healthy pregnant were selected for the study. PIGF was estimated by ELISA method. Results: PIGF was significantly (p=0.034) higher in PE patients than controls and there was non-significant rise in mild PE than severe PE patients. Best cut-off value of PIGF was 105 pg/ml, with sensitivity 94.9% and specificity 67.6%, area under the curve was 0.845. Maternal serumPIGF≥ 105.00 pg/ml, there was significant (p=0.02) increase in neonatal birth weight (2.78±0.66 Kg). Conclusion: PIGF cut-off value 105 pg/ml can be used as predictor ofpreeclampsia andneonatal birth weight (2.78±0.66 Kg).

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Background: This is a study to determine the causes and contributory factors of maternal mortality in Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital Vijaypura district following a 7-year retrospective analysis. Objective: 1. To analyze the cause of maternal deaths. 2. To study the preventable causes, an association of time of death and referral of the patients. 3. To suggest protocols to reduce the maternal mortality. Methods: We carried out a retrospective analysis of cases of maternal deaths (n=58) in BLDE (DU) Shri BM Patil medical college, Vijayapura in Karnataka State from January 2012 to December 2019 by data collecting instrument proforma. Results: Out of the total 58 maternal deaths, the commonest cause of death was post-partum hemorrhage 47%, eclampsia 15%, pulmonary or amniotic fluid embolism 17%, sepsis 8%, antepartum hemorrhage 4% and anemia. Of the patients who had PPH, 36% were due to atonic PPH, 28% traumatic PPH, 24% adherent /retained placenta and 12% coagulation failure. A majority of the women who died were 18 to 32 years of age, primigravida, postpartum (84%), first 12 hours of admission (82.76%). 70.6 % were referred. 44.83% were coming from places over 50 km from Vijayapura city. 44% had a GCS score of less than 8. 11 patients received blood and blood components. 32.75% required ventilatory support on admission, 81% received ionotropic support. 18.97% underwent a peripartum hysterectomy. Conclusion: We inferred that a significant number of the contributory variables of maternal mortality could be avoided if preventive measures were taken and adequate care was available in time.

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Background: Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a major complication of pregnancy that could lead to maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. There are possible genetic, immune, and vasoactive factors implicated in the vascular dysfunction associated with PE, which may thereby cause cardiovascular and renal pathology. Aim: To determine NOS gene expression in circulation and its relationship with cardiovascular and renal functions and anti-oxidant status. Methods: This was a case-control study conducted in a tertiary care centre of North Karnataka, India. Institutional Ethics committee clearance was obtained and informed consent was obtained from all the participants. Thirty cases of pre-eclampsia and thirty normal pregnancy controls were included. Blood pressure, heart rate and heart rate variability were recorded. Whole blood was analyzed for NOS 3 gene expression by RT-PCR and serum for total antioxidant capacity. Data was analyzed using the Student's t test. P-value < 0.05 will be considered statistically significant. Results: The total antioxidant capacity of cases with pre-eclampsia was reduced significantly. NOS 3 gene expression was reduced in these cases. The mean arterial blood pressure and also LF/HF ratio of heart rate variability analysis increased in the cases. Conclusion: Oxidative stress with consecutive reduced antioxidant capacity may lead to down-regulation of NOS3 gene expression, which in turn, may affect systemic cardiovascular functions in preeclampsia.

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Background: The blood pressure, pulse wave velocity (PWV) and arterial stiffness index (ASI) are important markers for age related alterations of vascular function. Further a link between vascular stiffness and erythropoietin are least explored in relation to sex and age. Objective: The present study was aimed to assess the vascular health in relation to ageing with special reference to erythropoietin in both male and female. Methods: 204 healthy male (n= 102) and female (n=102) participants (20 to 95 years) were randomly selected among general population of Vijayapur city, Karnataka. Participants were divided into group I (20-29years), II (30-39 years), III (40-49 years), IV (50-59 years), V (60-69 years) and VI (>70 years). Physical anthropometry, physiological parameters, hematology and serum erythropoietin (Epo) were assessed. Vascular stiffness indicators like PWV (b-a PWV and c-f PWV) and ASI (brachial ASI and ankle ASI) were also evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed by using one way ANOVA and post hoc test by using SPSS software. Results: Increase of MAP, PWV and ASI along with concomitant decrease of serum Epo were observed in group V and VI of both males and females. While comparing between male and female all the vascular parameters showed significant differences in group I to IV only. Conclusion: The present study clearly showed impact of ageing on PWV, ASI, MAP and Epo in higher age groups of males and females. Epo is sensitive in older age groups in relation to vascular functions.

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Objectives: To evaluate the effect of Vit D in type II in STZ induced Type-2 diabetes in albino Wistar rats. Methods: The study was carried out on albino Wistar rats. A total of 30 rats were divided into five groups with six rats in each group. (ii) Group-I Normal Control (Gum Acacia as a vehicle), Group-II Diabetic Control (HFD 21 days + STZ 35mg/kg I.p 21 days) Group-III Diabetic + Vit D (400IU orally for 3 weeks), Group-IV( HFD 21 days + STZ 35mg/kg i.p + Glimepiride 2mg/kg 21 days), Group-V( Glimepiride + Vit D. Group I was fed with normal pellet diet and all other were fed with HFD till completion of the study. Diabetes was induced in rats by administering a single dose of streptozotocin 35mg/kg I.P on day 21. On day 5 after STZ administration, blood sugar levels were checked and rats with blood sugar more than 250 mg/dl were included in the study. Test drugs were administered for three weeks. At the end of the study blood samples collected from retro-orbital plexus and used for biochemical investigation. Results: Vit D is found to be effective in lowering blood sugar levels and increase insulin levels. Treatment with Vit D also increased serum calcium levels and decreased HBA1c levels in all the Vit D treated groups. In group IV and V, these values were significant and the p-value was < 0.001. Similarly, there is an increase in serum Vit D levels in group III and & V and p-value was < 0.001. Conclusion: Treatment with Vit D in diabetes significantly reduced blood sugar levels and has significantly reduced HBA1c levels indicating a favourable effect on glucose homeostasis.

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Background: People exposed to chronic sustained hypoxia (COPD) ultimately succumb to cardiovascular diseases. The heart is an obligate aerobic organ that requires a continuous supply of oxygen for its normal functions. Hence the structural and functional integrity of coronary microvasculature is very crucial for the normal functioning of the myocardium. Aims and Objectives: To assess the coronary microvascular remodelling in chronic sustained hypoxia exposure and its association with hypoxia signalling molecules. To study the role of cilnidipine, a unique calcium channel blocker (CCB) with dual L/N type calcium channel blocking actions with a documented cardioprotective role on chronic hypoxia-induced coronary microvascular remodelling. Methodology: 24 Wistar strain albino rats were randomly allocated into one of the four groups as follows - group 1, Control, (Normoxia, 21% O₂); group 2, Chronic Hypoxia (CH) (10% O₂, 90% N); group 3, Normoxia (21% O₂) + Cilnidipine (Cil); group 4, Chronic Hypoxia (10% O₂, 90% N) + Cilnidipine (CH+Cil). The intervention period was 21 days. Coronary microvascular remodelling was assessed by histopathological examination of the intramyocardial coronary artery. Normalised wall index (NWI) which is an indicator of arterial remodelling was calculated using histological images of coronary microvasculature using ImageJ software (https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/). Hypoxia signalling molecules like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3), nitric oxide (NO) were estimated in the serum and their correlation with NWI was determined. Results and Conclusion: Histopathological examination of intramyocardial coronary artery demonstrated moderate arteriosclerosis and congestion on CH exposure. NWI was significantly increased indicating an overall increase in wall thickness. NWI and VEGF and eNOS were positively correlated. Cilnidipine treatment ameliorated the chronic hypoxia-induced coronary microvascular remodelling. Hence chronic hypoxia-induced coronary microvascular remodelling may be an early subclinical culprit in the pathogenesis of CVDs in patients exposed to hypoxia. The present study also reiterates the cardioprotective role of cilnidipine while opening new avenues for its role in coronary microvasculature in chronic hypoxia exposure.

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Background: From the perspective of the Global Corona pandemic situation for more than 10 months this work has been undertaken. Aggression is a cumulative outburst of several hyper emotions that can be searched and rectified to develop a healthy society. Aims and Objectives: This particular study is aimed to find out the anthropometric as well as biochemical predictors by which early detection of aggression/ hidden aggressive traits can be possible. Method: Children of 5 to 7 years are selected from four different schools of West Bengal, of which 180 children are chosen randomly and are divided into two groups namely the boys' group and the girls' group. Some anthropometric assessments including Craniofacial and palm dimensions; some biochemical parameters including serum BDNF and Cortisol and some basic Physiological parameters are assessed. Additionally, the Buss Perry Aggression questionnaire is employed. Result: All data are analyzed statistically and found that serum cortisol level, physical aggression, and anger are significantly higher in prepubertal boys than that of girls, and serum BDNF level is also found to be significantly lower amongst them than the girls. Correlation statistics ensure that higher values of endocervical angle possess some genuine relationship with lower serum cortisol level and lower 2D:4D ratio signifies higher scores of anger and hostility. Girls of the same age group also show a significant correlation between lower rates of 2D:4D ratio and increased scores of anger and verbal aggression. Conclusion: Under the circumstances of the global pandemic the following cross-sectional study concluded that the anthropometric indices project minor chances of growing aggression amongst the girls than those in boys in the pre puberty stage and it cannot be hypothesized without any biochemical assurance. Boys show growing tendencies of aggression from pre-puberty at least in this part of the world.

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CD40 is a transmembrane receptor for CD40-ligand (CD40L) which belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family and expressed in B-cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. CD40 was found to be the first receptor to show single receptor duality wherein the same receptor triggers counteractive functions. It is proposed that CD40 acts as the trigger for an exponential rise in complexity in cellular response. However, none of the available reports looked into the dynamic role of CD40 in the context of the other changing factors i.e. different antigenic load, differential expression of different cytokine and different co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory molecules expression in vivo. Hence, here we aim to investigate the dynamic expression of CD40 in vivo. In this work, we would be using leishmania as an infection model in mice to study the induced effector functions considering the dynamic expression of CD40 in different lymphoid organs in conditions of constantly changing antigenic loads and cytokines. We believe that this study will provide a clear insight into the temporal dynamics of anti-leishmanial immune response and might help in devising potential therapeutics against Leishmania infection.

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Aim: In human beings, the thyroid gland is one of the earliest endocrine organs to differentiate; it has an important hormonal role in embryonic development. Objective: 50 stillborn foetus obtained within time to avoid post-mortem changes. The gestational age, sex, weight, crown-rump lengths were studied in detail. The gestational age ranges from 12^th week to 36^th week. Weight measured in grams, crown-rump length by plastic tape and scale divider. Methods and Material: 50 stillborn, normal fetuses 30 male, 20 female. Gestational age, sex, weight, crown-rump length. Weight measured on the digital weighing machine. Plastic tape, scale and divider to measure crown-rump length. Fetuses were dissected and thyroid gland was removed. On calculation, 1 division of micrometre eyepiece was 4μm. By using this scale diameter of follicles were calculated at 10xs by 40xs. Size of follicles was measured from early to late fetal period, nature of epithelium, appearance, amount of colloid content, capsular and vascular development was studied. Result: The size of follicles & colloid increased gradually 12wks to 24 wks Conclusion: As size of follicles and colloid increases which increase the weight of thyroid gland in human fetuses seems to be directly proportional to the increase in the body weight, crown-rump length and estimated gestational age of fetuses. The weight of thyroid at 12^th week was 0.0717gms. It increased gradually up to 0.517gms at 28^th week of gestation. The weight at 38^th-week gestation was 1.25gms.

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Background: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a complex and common obstetric problem. It is associated with perinatal morbidity and mortality which accounts for about 10-15%. The diagnosis of FGR is made by clinical evaluation and ultrasonography. Objectives: To investigate the role of the efficacy of the cerebroplacental ratio as a marker of reduced fetal growth rate. To establish a relationship between Cerebro placental ratio at term with reduced fetal growth velocity and adverse pregnancy outcome. Methods: A Prospective study, in which study participants were subjected for Ultrasonography at 20 to 25 weeks for Abdominal Circumference and Ultrasonography above 35 weeks period of gestation were subjected to fetal biometry and Doppler studies. All Doppler indices will be converted into multiples of the median (MoM), correcting for gestational age using reference ranges, umbilical & middle cerebral arteries and birthweight values are converted into centiles. Results: Among 80 % of participants low cerebroplacental ratio were associated with low abdominal circumference and low growth velocity. The low cerebroplacental ratio risk is associated with the need for operative delivery. Conclusion: Altered Cerebroplacental ratio is the earlier marker of adverse fetal outcome than the biophysical profile. Low Cerebro placental ratio(<1) is associated with impaired fetal growth velocity and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

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Introduction: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is one of the most common autoimmune disorders that affect women during their childbearing years. Lupus exacerbation during pregnancy occurs in about 20-30% of pregnant lupus patients. SLE increases the risk of spontaneous abortion, intrauterine death, preeclampsia, FGR and preterm birth. Case Report: A 23 year old Primi mother with 6 months of amenorrhea reported with complains of skin and oral lesions and breathlessness since 20 days. She was hemodynamically stable, had a malar rash, macular skin lesions and generalized edema. Systemic examination showed hepatomegaly with ascites and pleurisy signs. Urine microscopy showed 15 to 20 pus cells/HPF. Echo cardiograph showed pericardial effusion. A provisional diagnosis of Pregnancy with SLE was made. Antinuclear antibody and Anti smith Ab was positive. She was started on oral steroids and HCQS. One month later the patient presented with maculopapular lesions all over the body. There was a history of discontinuation of drugs for a short duration. The dermatologist opined it as ROWELL syndrome. The obstetric evaluation showed SIUG of 33 weeks with anhydromnios with Doppler changes with steroid prophylaxis, Emergency LSCS was done. A live female baby of weight 2.7 kg was extracted and was shifted to NICU for preterm care. Post-operative period was uneventful except for full-thickness gaping of LSCS wound. Both mother and baby were discharged after 2wks. Conclusion: Pregnancy with SLE is a tricky medical challenge needing multidisciplinary approach and intensive care. Advancing technology and a better understanding of the disease have improved outcomes in lupus pregnancies.

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Introduction: Haemophilia is one of the “Bleeder Disorder” that causes abnormal bleeding or poor blood clotting. It occurs due to the defect in the clotting factors even in their functions and in some cases structures are altered. The frequency of haemophilia is 1 in 10,000 and there are approximately 4,00,000 patients all over the world. Haemophilia B is recessive X- linked genetic disorder. The gene FIX is located on Xq27.1. Present study aims to study the variants in FIX gene of Haemophilia B. Objective: To screen the mutation in Exon-4 and Exon-5 of FIX gene associated Haemophilia B. Methods: 30 Haemophilia B patients' samples were collected from haemophilia societies of Karnataka. Genomic DNA was extracted with standard protocol and region of interest was amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Genetic variation was analysed. Result: Genetic analysis of exon 4 and exon 5 showed4 variants. Exon-4 showed 2 variants; g.15354del T, c. 304 T>C and Exon-5 showed c.314 A>G, c.470G>A variants. All the variants are coding sequence variants. Conclusion: Due to small sample size and small exonic intervention we may not provide exact conclusion, but this variant may lead to potentially abnormal protein for haemophilia.

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Background: The sympathetic nervous system plays a major role in the renal function through the vasoactive system and the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System. Even though interest in the renal protective effects of sympathetic blocker has been increased, there are not much data to clarify this efficiency in nitric oxide deficient hypertensive rats. Aim and Objectives: To find out the effect of cilnidipine, L/N-type calcium channel blocker on oxidative stress of kidney in nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibited experimental hypertensive rats. Material and Methods: Male Albino Wistar rats (n-24) were randomly allocated into four groups: group 1, control received vehicle; group 2, received Cilnidipine; group 3, received NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME); group 4, received L-NAME &Cilnidipine; All drugs are given orally for 4 weeks. Blood pressure was measured before and after the intervention and twice during intervention for all the rats. On the 29th day, blood was collected and animals were sacrificed and kidneys were collected. Serum and kidney tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels are estimated. Results: The results demonstrate that there is a significant increase in Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) in L-NAME treated rats compared to the control group. Treatment with cilnidipine significantly decreases the MAP in group 4 rats. We also demonstrated the significantly elevated serum and kidney tissue MDA levels in L-NAME treated rat. Treatment with Cilnidipine reduced serum and kidney tissue MDA levels in group 4 rats compared to group 3 rats. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that cilnidipine has suppressive effects against progressive renal injury as evidenced by decreased oxidative stress indicator MDA levels in NO deficient hypertensive rats. This effect is explained by the L/N type calcium channel inhibition of cilnidipine, the L-type calcium channel blocking action lowers blood pressure and N-type calcium channel blocking action leads to suppression of the sympathetic nerve activity and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

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Background: Most newborns in NICU would be on respiratory support either on invasive or non-invasive ventilation and it is difficult to measure anthropometries like weight, length and head circumference in these sick newborns. This study was aimed to determine the correlation of foot length of a newborn with occipitofrontal head circumference (OFC), crown-heel length (CHL) and weight of the newborn. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the NICU of Shri B M Patil Medical College Hospital and Research center, Vijayapura. The foot length, occipitofrontal head circumference (OFC) and crown-heel length (CHL) of neonates of gestational ages 28-42 weeks were measured between 12 hours and 7 days of life. Results: Among 350 neonates enrolled, 61% of babies were preterm and 39% were term babies. In premature babies, the correlation between foot length and birth weight (r=0.90) and foot length and length (r=0.89) was pronounced. A positive linear correlation was observed between foot length and weight in babies of all gestational ages. For the identification of LBW babies (<2500 gm), a foot length of less than 7.41cm had 94% sensitivity and 50% specificity. Foot length less than 6.62 cm had 100% sensitivity and 67% specificity for the identification of VLBW babies (<1500 gm). Conclusion: Birth weight and CHL of premature babies can be estimated from the measurement of foot length that was performed easily and rapidly. Measurement of foot length is valuable in premature babies on a ventilator. Foot length may be used in the identification of LBW and VLBW babies who are admitted to the NICU.

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Background: Mermaid syndrome, also known as Sirenomelia, a rare congenital anomaly in which the legs are fused together, giving the appearance of a tail of a mermaid from Greek mythology, occurring 1 in 1,00,000 live births. Most of such pregnancies ended in stillbirths. Case: Our case describes A 24-year-old, primigravida presented with 34 weeks of gestation age clinically oligohydramnios and fetal bradycardia and emergency LSCS was done in view of fetal distress and delivered a newborn baby had gross anomalies like narrow chest indicating lung hypoplasia, fused both lower limbs and feet with 10 toes absence of external genitalia, imperforate anus and single umbilical artery. The baby was shifted to NICU but died 3hours postpartum due to severe respiratory distress. Conclusion: Sirenomelia, a lethal congenital anomaly, can be diagnosed early prenatally, which is possible by emphasizing the importance of regular antenatal check-ups and anomaly scan at around 20weeks. So that the patient can be advised termination of pregnancy earlier.

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Previously, we have suggested a hypothesis that the metabolic net water efflux from the cells is a key mechanism for metabolic controlling semipermeable properties of the cell membrane, dysfunction of which is a common consequence of cell pathology. The existence of the electrogenic Na/K-pump in the cell membrane, beating high ATP utilizing the machine in cell, which by activation of mitochondrial function stimulate endogen water formation making it as a key mechanism for the generation of metabolic water efflux from the cells and its dysfunction as a primary step of cell pathology. It is known that the intracellular concentration Ca²⁺([Ca]i) which is a strong inhibitor for Na/K-pump, controlling by intracellular cyclic nucleotides dependent systems that are extra sensitive to weak chemical and physical signals, unable to activate ionic channels in the membrane. In our earlier studies, we have shown that the activation of both cGMP-activated Ca-pump in the cell membrane and Na/Ca exchange in forwarding (F) mode and cAMP-activated Na/Ca exchange in reverse (R) mode by generating water efflux from the cells, having key roles in controlling low permeability membrane for inward Na⁺ current (INa) controlling semipermeable properties of membrane and gradient these ions on the membrane, i.e they have a protective function of cell preceding to inward water-induced decrease Na gradient on the cell membrane. It was shown that the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) which is sensitive even to water structure changes of cell bathing medium, serves as a sensor for activation cGMP-dependent FNa/Ca exchange while G proteins in the membrane are sensors for activation cAMP-dependent RNa/Ca exchange. The cGMP induced activation of Ca-pump and FNa/Ca exchange by the decrease of [Ca]i–induced activation of Na/K pump activate water efflux from the cell and controlling the Na gradient on the membrane. While the same function doing the cAMP-dependent RNa/Ca exchange because of its electrogenicity and [Ca]i–induced activation of mitochondrial formation water molecules. By our previous study have shown that the activation of cGMP-dependent FNa/Ca exchange has pain relief while the activation of cAMP-dependent RNa/Ca exchange pain generation effects. It was also shown also that 4Hz pulsing magnetic fields, which activation of cGMP- dependent FNa/Ca exchange have relaxation effects on heart muscles and depressed acetylcholine (Ach) sensitivity cell membrane sensitivity, pain relief and antitumor effects. The accumulation of our and literature data on pain and stress relief, antitumor and antivirus effects of 4Hz PMF allow us to hypothesizes that 4Hz–induced activation of cGMP-dependent F Na/Ca exchange can serve as a universal therapeutic tool to increase the resistance of the cells to pathological factors directed to reverse water efflux into water influx in the cells and increases inward Na current which is the primary step of cell pathology. To check this hypothesis, in this present work the 4Hz effect on voluntary patients who have been subjected by different stress on biochemical characteristics of blood we have studied which serve as a marker for pain–the stress of organism.

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Acoustic analysis is used to assist differential diagnosis, documentation and evaluation of treatment for voice disorders. Clinical data has shown that Jitter, Shimmer, Mean Pitch and Harmonic Noise Ratio are the indices of voice pathology. A voice with some periodicity can now be analysed with a computerised acoustic analyser, a relatively newer technique that can be widely used in clinical practice. Objectives: To create a database of normal voices, analyse and identify different of these voices and hence identify benchmarks of normal voices. Materials and Methods: Voice samples of 458 normal males and 542 normal females aged between 18 to 28 years were collected using a sustained vowel /a/ which was recorded and analysed using freely downloadable software “PRAAT”. The parameters like Jitter, Shimmer, Harmonic to Noise Ratio and Pitch were derived and mean, SD and range of voice parameters were calculated. Results: In males, the value of parameters were mean pitch (137.05), jitter (0.011), shimmer (0.08) and Harmonic to Noise Ratio (20.48). In females, the parameters were mean pitch (234.27), jitter (0.01), shimmer (0.08) and harmonics to noise ratio(21.73). Conclusion: Voices can be objectively analysed using acoustic parameters like mean pitch, jitter, shimmer and harmonic to noise ratio. A large database yields more reliable normative parameters. Institutions should develop their own standard protocol for selection of subjects, recording of voices and their analysis

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Aim: The study was designed to evaluate the anti-diabetic properties of Aegle marmelos of dried juice. Methods: Anti-diabetic activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Aegle marmelos of dried juice on Alloxan (120 mg/kg) induced diabetic rats (21 days model) was carried out. The treatment (p.o.) was started on the same day except for normal control and diabetic control groups for a period of 7 days. Blood glucose level was estimated on the 1^st, 7^th, 14th and 21st days of the treatment. Glibenclamide (10 mg/kg) was used as a reference standard drug. Results: Anti-diabetic activity in Alloxan induced Hyperglycemic rats, a marked rise in blood glucose level observed in diabetic control compared to normal control rats. Test extract exhibited a significant dose-dependent antihyperglycemic activity compared to diabetic control. The effect of test extract on blood glucose levels seemed to be less potent than reference standard glibenclamide. Normal control animals were found to be stable in their body weight but diabetic rats showed a significant reduction in body weight during the treatment period. Alloxan Caused bodyweight reduction was significantly reversed by the extract at the dose of 100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg. in a dose-dependent fashion compared to diabetic control. The effect of the test extract was found lesser than the reference standard drug on the restoration of the altered body weight of rats. Conclusion: The result of the present study was indicated that Aegelmarmelos dried fruit juice extract possesses significant anti-diabetic activity against various experimentally induced diabetic models.

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Background: Morning Glory Syndrome is a rare congenital optic disc anomaly. The etiology of the disorder remains controversial and unclear. It is uncommon and can be either isolated or associated with malformations. Thus reporting this case will help to know to the occurrence and presentation of such anomaly in North Karnataka, Vijayapura Objective: To report a rare case of Morning Glory Syndrome. Method: A 30-year-old female patient presented with chief complaints of diminished vision in the right eye since childhood. There was no family history of ocular disease or congenital anomalies. On ocular examination, she had right eye convergent squint with no nystagmus with normal ocular motility. She had no facial abnormalities or any neurological abnormalities. The best-corrected visual acuity was count finger at 1 metre in the right eye and 6/6 in the left eye. Anterior segment examination was unremarkable in that eye. Fundoscopy of the right eye showed a large excavated funnel-shaped optic disc with a central turf of glial tissue and peripapillary chorioretinal pigment disturbance with vessels emerging radially from the disc margin. The examination of the left eye was normal. The intraocular pressures were 15mmhg and 11mmhg were of right and left eye respectively. B-scan of the right eye revealed an anomalous excavation with the disc at the base. Scan of the left eye was normal. Conclusion: A case report of a rare congenital anomaly of optic disc Morning Glory Syndrome

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Background: Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) has become a pandemic and is a bigger concern even in sunny location as the region of north Karnataka, India. The present study is aimed to evaluate the prevalence of VDD and its correlation with BMI in the regional population if any. Methods: Relevant data of subjects in the age group of 18–60 years including serum 25(OH) Vitamin D levels was registered. Data was analyzed using SPSS software v.23.0 and Microsoft office 2007. Chi-square (χ²) test was used to test association. Results: The prevalence of VDD (25(OH) D < 50 nmol/L) was more in the older (51-60 years) age group showing a preponderance in the rural population. However, even the young population and those of normal BMI had a considerable deficiency of vitamin D. Significant association was found only between vitamin D levels and age. Conclusion: VDD is highly prevalent in this region, irrespective of age, BMI, and urban/rural settings. The data can aid the treating physicians to appreciate the gravity of the pandemic and formulate policies to improve the vitamin D status in the community.

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T cells are pivotal for innate and adaptive immune response. On, T cell a co-stimulatory molecule CD40 ligand is present that binds to the CD40 receptor. CD40L a type II membrane protein, consists of 261 amino acids belong to a member of the TNF-family. There are 193 amino acids present at the extracellular domain of CD40 ligand requires basic amino acid residue K143, R203, R207 for receptor binding, however, the CD40 molecule requires acidic amino acid residue D84, E114, E117 for activation of the different signaling cascade. Binding of CD40L with CD40 receptors activate JAK-STAT signaling, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines along with various downstream transcription factor molecules. As it is well studied, deficiency in CD40 ligand leads to an autoimmune disorder called Hyper X-linked IgM syndrome. So studies on HXIM syndrome revealed that an extracellular domain of CD40 ligand is cardinal for receptor binding. Depending on binding strength, signaling skew will be decided. Stronger will activate p38 MAPK (anti-parasitic in nature) by inducing IL-12 however, weaker will activate ERK-1/2 (pro-parasitic in nature) by inducing IL-10. The specific binding of the receptor is necessary to decode the message encoded by binding stimulation. Therefore, CD40 ligand wild type residues bind with CD40 site-directed mutagenized with different amino acids. These mutant CD40 ligands upon binding with CD40 reveal a better insight into the nature of host-pathogen interaction, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and signaling molecules. Therefore, we can assume CD40 ligand mutants have a role in anti-leishmanial function.

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Background: Metabolic syndrome is a growing concern as it predisposes to cardiovascular comorbidities and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Medical students lead a fairly sedentary lifestyle. Early detection of metabolic syndrome and followup would help in preventing complications. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in healthy medical students of JN Medical College and to compare the prevalence among male and female students. Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted from January 2018 to July 2018 involving 120 students, of which 67 (55.83%) were female and 53 male (44.17%). The study was conducted using the criteria for metabolic syndrome defined by international diabetes federation. Data for height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides (TG), highdensity lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein were collected. Data were analyzed using SSPS version 20.0. Comparison of physiological parameters was done using independent t test, and prevalence was estimated using Chisquare test. P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Metabolic syndrome was observed in 10.83% of the sample population comprising 11.94% female and 9.43% male population. The prevalence among females was found to be more than males but not statistically significant (P = 0.66). The prevalence of individual parameters for metabolic syndrome were abdominal obesity (59.17%), raised TG (2.50%), reduced HDL (38.33%), raised blood pressure (BP) (systolic BP [SBP]– 20.83% and diastolic BP– 28.33%), and raised blood glucose (5.83%). In terms of gender analysis, 46.27% females and 28.30% of male had lower HDL values (P = 0.04). SBP was higher in 37.74% male when compared to 7.46% female (P = 0.0001). Conclusion: The study concludes that the overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was found to be 10.83%. The prevalence among female (11.94%) was more than male (9.43%) population but not found to be statistically significant. Early detection of metabolic syndrome would help bring about attitude and lifestyle changes to prevent the progression of disease and its complication.

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Introduction: Tubal sterilisation is the most prevalent family planning method practised in our country. According to National Family Health Survey (NFHS 4) (2015-2016) a total of 51.8% of married women use any method of family planning, of which female sterilization accounts to majority by 48.6% , Intrauterine device(IUD) by just 0.8% of the women, pills by 0.4% of women and condom by 1.3% women. More than 45.5% women undergoing sterilisation belong to young reproductive age group of 20 to 25 years. The gold standard for recanalization has been microsurgical tubal recanalization through laparotomy. Laparoscopy can be used as an alternative route but requires high expertise. Though an option of in-vitro fertilisation is widely available but due to economic constraints, people go for microsurgical tubal recanalization as a first option. Material and Methods: The study involves all women coming to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore for reversal of sterilization between august 2010 to September 2012. Results: A total of 40 prospective cases were studied and followed up for at least 1 year of which intrauterine pregnancy was noted in 21 cases (52.5%), 1 patient had ectopic pregnancy(4.7%) and 2(9.5%) had abortions. Conclusion: The study concluded that factors favoring successful tubal recanalization are age of the patient less than thirty years, interval between sterilization and its reversal less than four years, site of anastomosis being Isthmo-Isthmic, remaining tubal length being more than 6 cms and when type of previous sterilization was by laparoscopic method.

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Background: Since the introduction of external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) as one among the treatment modalities for chronic dacryocystitis, various treatment modifications have been developed with the goal of attaining the best possible post-surgical outcomes. The use of silicone tube intubation is one of them. But it's an effect on patency of the lacrimal system during external DCR in cases of primary nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO), canalicular obstruction or in revision surgeries is still controversial. Objective: To evaluate the outcomes of external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) with primary silicone stent intubation in patients with a history of chronic dacryocystitis. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study involving data of 18 patients with chronic dacryocystitis who underwent external DCR with primary silicone stent intubation from May 2018 to May 2019. Postoperative follow-ups were at 1 week,1,3 and 6 months. The stents were removed at 3 months. Subjective and objective assessments on each visit were done by asking for symptoms of epiphora, checking for sac regurgitation and patency by syringing. Results: Complications like a recurrence of epiphora, infection, loss or extrusion of stents etc. were not reported. Three patients experienced mild discomfort post-intubation with no watering and the sac was patent on syringing. Two patients had minimal watering but the sac was patent on the syringing indicating absence of blockage of the nasolacrimal duct. Conclusion: External DCR with primary silicone stent intubation is a successful procedure for the treatment and prognosis of chronic dacryocystitis. Overall the surgical outcomes were successful.

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Aim: To evaluate the antidiarrhoeal activity of Careya arborea leaves extract. Methods: Antidiarrhoeal activity of the methanol extract of Careyaarborea leaves (MECAL) was investigated using different animal models of diarrhea in rats. Results: The antidiarrhoeal activity demonstrated by MECAL was found to be dose-dependent at different doses in the castor oil-induced diarrhea model. Graded doses viz 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg produced a significant decrease in mean fecal drops, the weight of feces onset of diarrhea as compared with control. The % protection was found to be 35%, 40% and 51% at graded doses of extract respectively. In MgSO4 induced diarrhea model, test extract demonstrated dose-dependent antidiarrhoeal potential which was evident by monitoring significant delay in the onset of diarrhea and decrease in No. of fecal dropping and weight of stool when compared to the control group. The higher dose (500 mg/kg) of test extract produced 33 % protection of diarrhea which was found to be less potent than standard. Conclusion: The results of the present investigation concluded that the methanolic extract of Careyaarborea leaves (MECAL) demonstrated dose-dependent antidiarrhoeal activity due to the presence of pharmacologically effective component(s).

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Background: Natural products like flavonoids from the natural or synthetic origin are known to possess anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities. However, there is few/no experimental proof presently available regarding these. In the present study, hydroxy thiophene derivative of flavonoid was synthesized by Claisen–Schmidt reaction using grinding technique and evaluated for antioxidant activity. Objective: The present study was aimed to synthesize, characterize and evaluate the free radical scavenging antioxidant activity by using in-vitro assay methods. Methods: Synthesized compound was characterized on the basis of Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹H NMR),¹³ C NMR, Mass Spectroscopy (MS) and elemental analysis. The in vitro scavenging activity was studied on hydroxyl, nitric oxide radicals and superoxide anions. Further in the in vivo studies, the liver homogenate of diabetic mellitus rats induced by low dose streptozotocin fed on a high-fat diet, estimated for lipid peroxidase (TBARS), catalase(CAT), superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) content by colorimetric assays. Results: The NF compound exhibited the dose-dependent free radical scavenging activity especially at 100mcg to 200mcg/ml concentration but lesser than that of standard drugs. Conclusions: The present study was demonstrated that the novel flavonoid (NF) found to have high antioxidant free radical scavenging activity against various oxidative stress systems which needs to be confirmed by other assays.

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Although cisplatin is a highly effective anticancer agent, it has been noted to have severe side effects including renal toxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, and optic neuropathy leading to the limits of its use in the clinic. The primary target for cisPt effect is considered the genomic DNA; however, multiple cellular targets by cisPt have been described. Therefore, the evaluation of methods for anticancer effects and the decrease of side effects of cisPt is the key problem of modern clinical challenges. For the purposes to find out cell target parameters, through which the dose-dependent effects of cisPt can be studied to discover low-doses of it having effective therapeutic and fewer side effects. The vagueness of the nature of the membrane target mechanism through which the antitumor effect of cisPt is realized makes it the main barrier for finding out the minimum dose needed for clinical efficacy and toxic dose challenges for clinical practice. Therefore, the purpose of the present work is as follows: to check cisPt sensitivity tissues hydration of different organs and thermal pain effect on cisPt-induced tissues hydration of different organs. The obtained data allow us to conclude that the thermal pain enhances the dehydration effect of 10-10M cisPt which in turn prolongs the longevity of cells and low concentration of cisPt activates the metabolism of tissues of young rats.

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Background: Hypertension can lead to myocardial infarction, stroke, renal failure, and death if not detected and treated appropriately. It has also been shown that modulation of nitric oxide (NO) availability is an important determinant of ischemic stroke risk. Cerebral ischemia activates a variety of neuronal cell death mechanisms ultimately lead to cerebral infarction. One of such important mechanism is apoptosis. Objectives: To know the pattern of apoptotic cell distribution in the cerebral cortex before & after cilnidipine treatment in Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) inhibitor-induced hypertensive rats. Methods: Male Albino Wister rats were 24 in number & were divided into four groups. Group 1 was control , group 2 was treated with Cilnidipine, group 3 received N -nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME) (NOS-3) inhibitor & in group 4 both L-NAME and cilnidipine were administered for 28 days. Blood pressure was measured on first & on 28^th day & thrice during intervention days. The rats were sacrificed. Brains were isolated quickly fixed in 10% Neutral buffer formalin (NBF) for 2weeks. On histopathology the number of apoptotic bodies were calculated. Results: L-NAME induced hypertensive rats show more apoptotic cells as compare to control. After treating with cilnidipine rat brain showed the reduced number of apoptosis index which was accounting for P-value of <0.05. Conclusion: Cilnidipine which is a dual-type of calcium channel antagonist observed to be effective in preventing changes due to apoptosis thus can be used as a drug of choice in hypertension with cerebral ischaemia.

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Background: Psoriasis is a chronic disorder characterized by erythematous scaly patches that affect the scalp, trunk, extensor surfaces of the limbs and the genital area. The high incidence of cardiovascular events in psoriasis is highly associated with abnormal lipid metabolism. The proatherogenic serum lipid profile is one of the factors for the high incidence of in these patients. The present study is done to assess alteration in lipid profile and its indices as cardiometabolic risk markers in psoriasis. Objectives:

1. To evaluate lipid profile and lipid indices in psoriasis patients and appropriately matched age and sex healthy controls.
2. To correlate between lipid indices and PASI score to assess cardiovascular risk in psoriasis patients.

Methods: The present study is conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, at SNMC & HSK Hospital, Bagalkot. The study protocol is approved by the Institutional Ethical committee. The study includes 60 cases and 60 controls between 20-65 years. Lipid profile, Lp(a), Lipid indices are Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP), lipid tetrad index, Castelli's risk index– I, II, Atherogenic coefficient and non high– density lipoprotein cholesterol are calculated. Results: There was significant increase in total cholesterol, lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol, non-highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol in psoriasis compared to controls. AIP and lipid tetrad index was significantly high compared to controls. AIP and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol showed a positive correlation with PASI score in psoriasis patients. Conclusion: Our results indicate that in psoriasis, there is severe dyslipidemia, which correlated positively with atherogenic index and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Hence there is an increased cardiovascular risk in psoriasis patients.

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Aim: To evaluate the antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of Careyaarborea leaves Methods: Antidiabetic activity of methanol extract of Careyaarborea leaves was investigated using alloxan-induced diabetic rat model. Results: Effect of MECAL on blood glucose level. The antidiabetic activity of MECAL was studied in alloxan mediated diabetic rats. Administration of alloxan at a dose of 120 mg/kg caused hyperglycemia as compared to the normal control group. The treatment with graded doses (250 and 500 mg/kg) of the test extract on the 7th and 14th day showed a significant fall in elevated blood glucose levels as compared to that of diabetic control rats in a dose-dependent pattern. The reference standard drug glibenclamide exhibited significant anti-diabetic activity. The results of the test extract were found to be less potent than that of the standard drug. Effect of MECAL on serum lipids and creatinine The alloxan exposure in rats significantly elevated the levels of serum cholesterol, triglyceride and creatinine when compared to normal control rats. There was a marked decrease in elevated levels of these biochemicals monitored in animals treated with graded doses of MECAL for 14 days when compared to diabetic control rats. The standard drug glibenclamide significantly reversed the altered concentrations of these biochemicals. Conclusion: In conclusion, the methanolic extract of Careyaarborea leaves exhibited dose-dependent significant antidiabetic property against alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

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Embryological development of the colon is complex and often unpredictable, leading to variations in the length and position. During routine dissection for undergraduate students in the Department of Anatomy, BLDE DU) Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Research centre we found rare variations in the disposition of large intestine and inferior mesenteric artery in two male elderly cadavers. Case 1: The caecum and appendix were present in the right lumbar region, ascending colon is short, descending colon crossed the great vessels of the abdomen from left to right obliquely and sigmoid colon was present in the right iliac fossa below caecum and appendix. Inferior mesenteric artery arose from the right side of the ventral surface of the abdominal aorta to supply the left one-third of transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon. Case 2: same variations as in the first case with Sigmoid mesocolon adhered to mesentery near the ileocaecal junction. These variations may be helpful for the radiologists and Surgeons while undertaking an investigative or surgical procedure.

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Background: Breast cancer is the most common female cancer. There are various histomorphological findings which will define the prognosis of tumor like pleomorphism, mitosis, architecture etc. But the role of nucleoli in assessing the prognosis of tumor is rarely studied. Hence in the present study, the significance of nucleoli is studied and its correlation with the size of tumor. Objectives: To find out the significance of nucleoli in assessing the prognosis of the carcinoma breast Material and Methods: The present study is a retrospective study. The total number of cases is 30. Review of all slides has been done mainly aiming to find out the presence or absence of nucleoli and comparison with tumor size. The statistical significance is calculated. Results: It is evident that nucleoli is seen in 33% in tumor stage 1, 77% of cases in tumor stage 2 disease and 77% of cases in tumor stage 3. So as the stage advances (worsens), chances of getting nucleoli are more. The data is not statistically significant due to less number of cases. Discussion: Tumor size is an independent prognostic factor of recurrence of tumor. In the present study it is observed that as the tumor stage increases, there are more chances of appearance of nucleoli. Conclusion: The presence of nucleoli may be considered as one of the poor prognostic factor for invasive breast carcinoma.

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A new series of N'-(3-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2-carbonyl)-N-phenylcarbamimidic acid derivatives were designed and synthesized. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anti-tubercular activity. The structure of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by elemental analysis and spectral data (IR, 1H NMR and Mass). The data obtained from biological screening revealed that synthesized compounds showed the good to moderate anti-tubercular activities.

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A recent study has shown 40Ca and 45Ca leading to activation of RNa/40Ca and RNa/45Ca exchange have pain and pain relief effects, respectively, because of E45>E40 the increase [45Ca]i brings to activation Ca-Calmodulin-NO-cGMP -induced stimulation of Na/Ca exchange in forwarding (F) mode. It was shown also that 4Hz mechanical vibration (MV) has pain relief effect by activation cGMP-dependent (F) Na/Ca exchange however the nature of targets of thermodynamic (E45>E40) and quantum-mechanical stimulation of cGMP-dependent (F) Na/Ca exchange is not clear yet. Therefore it was suggested that the comparative study of 45Ca PS injection and 4Hz MV on thermal pain thresholds (LPPS), tissues hydration and 45Ca uptake at Na/K pump active and inactive states as well as at activation of cAMP-dependent Na/Ca exchange in reverse (R) mode will be possible to evaluate the nature of target through which the pain relief effect of 4Hz MV is realized. Obtained data indicate that the 4Hz MV decrease LPPS in both 40CaPS and 45CaPS injected animals which were accompanied by tissues dehydration and hydrations, compared those in sham animals, as well as the depression of 45Ca uptake by heart and brain cortex, are due to different mechanism than pain relief of 45CaPS effects which accompanied by tissues dehydrations compared with 40CaPS injected animal. The obtained data bring us to the suggestion that the pain relief of both 45CaPS and the 4Hz MV-induced pain relief effects are realized by activation of cGMP-dependent (F) Na/Ca exchange. However the latter takes place in 45CaPS injected animals by activation Ca-Calmoduline-NO-cGMP pathway because of E45> E40-induced higher rate cAMP-dependent (R)Na/Ca exchange while in case of the impact of 4HzMV by direct activation cGMP forming process. Therefore, to avoid the multisided poisoning effects of high [Ca]i, we recommend for pain relief effect to use quantum-mechanical method stimulation of forming cGMP, such as 4Hz MV, instead, factors stimulating high [Ca]i–induced activation of calmodulin-dependent stimulation of cGMP-dependent (F) Na/Ca exchange.

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Introduction: Unicornuate uterus with Non– communicating rudimentary horn occurs due to failure of complete development of one of the Mullerian ducts and incomplete fusion with the contralateral side. Pre rupture diagnosis of pregnancy in rudimentary horn with ultrasonography is technically difficult and missed frequently (sensitivity 30%). Many times it is diagnosed during laparotomy. The standard treatment is excision of the ruptured horn. However, this is technically difficult due to distorted anatomy, time-consuming and can lead to more blood loss. In this case, the ruptured horn was repaired and the surgery was coupled with bilateral tubectomy. This is a new conservative approach to rupture the non-communicating horn of pregnancy. Case Report: A 27-year-old woman presented to us with a history of amenorrhea of 13 weeks and abdominal pain. Her obstetric score was Gravida 3 Para 2 Living 2. She had undergone 2 cesarean sections which were uneventful. On ultrasonography, the gestational sac was seen outside the uterus, hence a diagnosis of ruptured ectopic was made. As she was hemodynamically unstable and she had completed her family and consented for tubectomy, a decision to repair the horn was made. Conclusion: Diagnosis and management of rudimentary horn pregnancy remain a challenge. A high index of suspicion during a prenatal ultrasound can result in early diagnosis, and thereby resulting in decreased maternal morbidity and mortality. A Conservative surgical approach coupled with tubectomy in women who have completed their families can decrease operative time, blood loss and potential complications due to distorted anatomy.

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Brief Biosketch Prof. Suleyman Dasgag did his PhD from Dicle University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Turkey (1989). Prof. Suleyman Dasdag has been working as a Full Professor of Biophysics Medical School of Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey. His main field is Electromagnetic Pollution and Health; Electromagnetic Pollution and Children; Bioelectromagnetics; Biomechanics: Radiobiology. He is an editorial board member of some international journals. He received a certificate of appreciation from the Public Health Agency of Turkey Ministry of Health Head of Department of Cancer(October 2013). Presently working on project UNESCO/UNITWIN Interregional Network on PhD Education and Research in Biophysics, Biotechnology and Environmental Health (2018– 2022). Space between brain cells may increase during sleep, allowing the brain to flush out toxins that build up during waking hours^[1]. However, there are many physical agents affect brain cell functions. One of the controversial issues is the effects of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) on the brain, which is the most RFR exposed area when talking by mobile/cellular phones. Therefore, the purpose of this presentation is to present our unpublished data focused on RF and distance between brain cells^[2],[3],[4]. Our purpose is to compare the results of our three unpublished studies, which is presented in the different international congress until now. The importance of this presentation is to give a comparative perspective to the audience focusing on the effect of different RF frequencies such as 900, 1800 and 2100 MHz on distance/cell space between brain cells. We evaluated the shortest and longest distance between two neurons (μm), and the shortest and longest distance between nucleus and membrane (μm). We observed that three RF frequencies investigated in this study statistically decreased space between neuron cells and the most effective one was found as 2100 MHz frequency. On the other hand, the RF frequencies presented here has also the potential to alter the distance between nucleus and membrane, and histology of the cells.

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