Realgar has been not only well-known poisons but also used as healing agent. Realgar has long been used in traditional medicines for different diseases; so far arsenic can be extremely toxic and carcinogenic. In Ayurvedic and Chinese traditional medicines arsenic usually comes from conscious addition for healing purposes, mostly in the form of mineral arsenicals with orpiment (As₂S₃), realgar (As₄S₄), and arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃). Pharmacological studies revealed that realgar is effective against in different cancer cell line. However, it has been critically limited clinical applications because of its many disadvantages, for example, low solubility in water, high toxicity, poor gastrointestinal absorption, and bioavailability. This review evaluates the toxicology, bioaccessibility, and pharmacology of the realgar used in Ayurvedic and Chinese traditional medicines. In recent times, numerous types of realgar nanoparticles (NPs) have been developed due to insolubility of realgar in water and different media. Most of the NPs of realgar possess the exclusive optical qualities of quantum dots. The pharmacological activities and bioavailability of realgar NPs are much more partial by their sizes, building realgar an exciting biomedical and pharmaceutical research applicant.

Professor Gustavo Zubieta-Castillo - The Mountain Guru, Bolivian visionary, loved art and science. He was a word class pioneer and defender of life and medicine at high altitude. In 1964, after his observations of the perfused heart in dogs, he affirmed that the hearts of high-altitude residents are much more resistant to hypoxia than those at sea level. He clarified misconceptions about lung diseases at high altitude, which were improperly termed "loss of adaptation." His original and unique views on what was called chronic mountain sickness (CMS), a term he proposed be discarded and be rather expressed as polyerythrocythemia (as a more precise symptomatic description of multiple pathologies in the hypoxic environment of high altitude). He created the "triple hypoxia syndrome," an essential description to explain the momentary decrease of PaO ₂ in polyerythrocythemic patients. His concepts of hypoxia gave rise to the formulation of the high-altitude adaptation formula. On his obituary, legendary respiratory physiologist Prof. John B. West stated, "He was a remarkable man and our discipline has lost a giant." Renowned Environmental scientist Prof. Thuppil Venkatesh, a long-time friend of Prof. Gustavo Sr., stated, "We lost one of the most valuable and precious personalities… a great loss to the world scientific community." Prof. Gustavo's son Prof. Dr. Gustavo Zubieta Calleja is also a renowned pulmonologist like his legendary father and keeping his illustrious father's legacy with pride and honor at his "High Altitude Pulmonary and Pathology Institute," La Paz, Bolivia.

Our study focuses on fat mass distribution body shapes type as measured to determine their effect on skeletal muscle strengthening lumbar extensors (upper and lower limbs) where our background confirms that every girl has a natural body type of rectangle, apple, pear, or hourglass. It is good for her to know which type of body shape she is, so she can learn what exercises to do, whereas similar studies suggest that it is much better to challenge weight problems with exercise and dietary measures before resorting to figure shaping. For this purpose, our study was carried out with a total of thirty students, females listed in the Institute of Physical Education and Sport, University of Mostaganem, aged between 20 and 23 years; their homogeneity was based on age, sex, and academic specialty, classified based on the body mass index (BMI) into two groups (normal and overweight) and based on their body shape's type into three groups (9 pear shape, 10 rectangle shape, and 11 hourglass shape) as a protocol experimental to examine the impact of fat mass distribution body shapes type on lumbar extensor strength. Based on our data analysis, we confirm that the pear and the rectangle shape affect the strength lumbar extensors due to body weight distribution which increases the risks relating to the skeletal muscles. Weight gain is a factor contributing to the weakness of skeletal muscles. However, the body shape explains the anomalies of the distribution of fat mass and BMI risk observed in our sample in the lower and upper part of the body recorded by the values of Killy test and endurance of trunk, the case of the pear and the rectangle shape back pain, which are consisting in excess of the body fat distributed in comparison with less percentage of muscle mass. Whereas this difference can affect the pelvic position.

Background: Due to abuse and improper prescribing policy of antibiotics, the antibiotics resistance were remarkably increased in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, so there are urgently need to develop a new kind of antimicrobial to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have showed its interesting impact against bacterial infection drawn researchers to green nanotechnology. Aims: The study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity of AgNPs against multi drug resistant P. aeruginosa isolated from urine sample of UTI patients. Methods: 126 UTI patent's urine samples were included in the study. P. aeruginosa strains were isolated, identify, antimicrobial susceptibility, drug resistance mechanisms were done as per routine laboratory protocol. The antimicrobial activity and mechanisms of the killing of Ag NPs were studied. Results: From this study, it was revealed that 25 (19.84%) isolates were multi drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Green synthesized Ag NPs successfully destroyed the multi drug resistant strains via ROS generation and membrane damage. The prevalence of multidrug resistance is increased worldwide and there are urgently need another option to control the multidrug resistant strains. Conclusion: The findings of the study suggested that Ag NPs might be used to treat the multi drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Objective: Tongue cancer (TC) is one of the most common oral cancers. Prognostic evaluation of this tumor includes histologic grade and TNM stage. In this study, we evaluated the expression of p53, Ki-67, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) and correlated it with the clinicopathologic variables to assess their potential for use as prognostic markers. We compared the p53 positive and negative group. Design: A retrospective and prospective study with 45 cases of biopsy proven TC which were studied for the expression of p53, Ki-67, EGFR, and SOX2. The results were correlated with known clinicopathologic variables using Chi-square test. The p53 positive and negative groups were compared. Materials and Methods: Archieved blocks of biopsy proven TC were retrieved. Using 4 micron sections of the blockes immunostaining for p53, Ki67, EGFR and SOX2 was done. Results: P53 expression was 68.9%, Ki-67 was 88.9%, EGFR was 48.9%, and SOX2 was 35.6%. Expression of p53 and Ki-67 did not show any correlation with any of the clinicopathologic variables. There was a statistically significant association between EGFR expression and lymph node (LN) positivity (P = 0.001). Stage of tumor and SOX2 positivity showed a significant correlation (P = 0.03). The comparison of p53 positive and negative groups did not reveal a significant difference. Conclusion: p53-negative TC is not significantly different from the p53-positive TC at presentation. The absence of mutant p53 in more than 30% TC points toward the possible etiological role of human papillomavirus in TC. Larger studies are needed to evaluate the possible use of EGFR for prediction of LN metastasis and SOX2 as a prognostic marker.

The major cause of female infertility in recent years is polycystic ovarian syndrome commonly called as PCOS, compared to yonivyapath (disorders of female reproductive system) described in Ayurveda. Shilajatu Rasayana herbo-mineral preparation mentioned in "Rasendra Chudamani" indicated in yonyaamaya (disorders of female reproductive system), gulma (tumors), meha (hyperinsulinemia), pandu (anemia), etc. is expected to contribute positive and better result in letrozole-induced PCOS, considering the previous analytical and experimental studies. Letrozole, Shilajatu Rasayana, clomiphene citrate, ghee, and female albino rats formed the materials for the study. Totally thirty female rats were initially induced to develop PCOS by injecting letrozole. The induction of PCOS in rats was checked through vaginal smear analysis and further confirmed by hormonal assay. PCOS-induced rats were treated with clomiphene citrate (standard), Shilajatu Rasayana (test drug), and ghee (control). Ovarian and uterine weight, hormonal assay, and histomorphometric changes were observed and recorded. Shilajatu Rasayana has shown a significant result in letrozole-induced PCOS by regulating hormones, reduction of cystic follicles, maturation of ovarian follicles, and decreasing the increased ovarian and uterine weight.

Objectives: Endophytes are major originators of new bioactive compounds with fascinating pharmacological activities. In this study, a perusal was done for isolation, characterization, and screening of endophytic bacteria of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn (BDEF) root for antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities. Methods: BDEF was isolated from the roots and grown in nutrient agar media aseptically. The grown bacteria was further fermented in nutrient broth and extracted using chloroform (CBD) and ethyl acetate (EABD). CBD and EABD were assayed for free radical scavenging properties against 2, 2 diphenyl 1 picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical, and reducing power. Findings: The highest inhibition was exhibited in EABD with IC50 level of 22.86 μg/ml for DPPH and 82.78 μg/ml for hydroxyl radical, respectively. Further, CBD and EABD (100 and 200 mg/kg) were evaluated for antihepatotoxic activity against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity. The results revealed that CBD and EABD (200 mg/kg p.o.) restored the biochemical parameters, against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity to the normal values. The altered lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels were also restored by EABD (200 mg/kg p.o.). BDEF was studied for rDNA sequencing by polymerase chain reaction technique. The endophytic bacterium was identified as Bacillus cereus based on its morphological and molecular characterization. Conclusions: CBD and EABD fractions have exhibited antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity.

Context: Shelf life of the drug can be considered up to the period it gets deteriorated and does not get any alteration in its physicochemical state. Every product has definite shelf life, which depends on various physical, chemical, environmental, and biological factors. Ancient seers have clarified shelf life of various compound formulations. However, there is a need to revalidate and ascertain the shelf life of individual formulations by following parameters prevalent in respective scenario. Aim: To evaluate shelf life of Shirishavaleha prepared in the presence of water (SW) and Kanji (SK) as liquid media through accelerated stability study. Subjects and Methods: Physicochemical parameters were measured at 40°C ± 2°C temperature and 75% ±5% relative humidity. Analysis was repeated at intervals of 1, 3, and 6 months, and average 10% degradation of both the test drug samples was calculated and extrapolated to find the shelf life. Results: The sample prepared in the presence of Kanji (SK) showed more extractive values and sugar contents and found to have longer shelf life (2.6 years) than SW (1.4 years). Conclusion: Shirishavaleha prepared with Kanji (SK) is comparatively more stable than the sample prepared with water (SW).

Introduction: Invasive breast cancer (BC) is the most common carcinoma in women. It accounts for 22% of all female cancers. Most tumors are derived from mammary duct epithelium, and up to 75% of BCs are ductal carcinomas. The second most common tumor is invasive lobular carcinoma. However, there are many variants which are less common but well defined by the World Health Organization classification. They comprise <10% of breast tumors. Their clinical behavior differs greatly. Hence, it is important to know their main histomorphological features to make the best treatment of choice and to foresee prognosis. Aims and Objectives: To study the histomorphological features, incidence, and clinical features of rare invasive epithelial tumors of the breast. Materials and Methods: This study was done in the department of pathology, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar. All the neoplastic breast lesions over a period of 5 years (July 2010-September 2015) are included in the study. Clinical features and other details (estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor, human epidermal receptor-2, lymph nodes) are obtained from the department (surgery) records. Specimens are received and preserved in 10% formalin and are subjected to routine histopathological processing. Hematoxylin and eosin sections are studied, and a morphological diagnosis is given. All rare invasive epithelial breast tumors will be reviewed meticulously. Results and Conclusion: A total number of invasive epithelial tumors of breast were 105. The most common presenting symptom was breast lump. Rare invasive epithelial breast tumors account to 28.5%. The age range from 15 to 70 years. Most common, rare invasive epithelial tumor in our study is medullary carcinoma. Hence, it is imperative to always maintain a Hawks vigil during microscopic diagnosis to know prognosis of the condition and to facilitate early and prompt treatment to the patient.

Aims: The purpose of this exploratory research study was to examine the gender differences and role of disability among college students experienced intimate partner violence. The research project sought to address two questions: (1) are there gender differences? and (2) are there differences between people with disabilities and people without disabilities? Setting and Design: A large university in the Midwest, United States of America. A quantitative research design was used. Materials and Methods: This research project used a quantitative research design using a packet consisting of abuse screening surveys: Abuse Assessment Screen-Disability (AAS-D) and Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2). Statistical analysis used: The quantitative surveys were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 22.0. Data input used a double entry method where the investigator entered the data into one SPSS sheet, an assistant entered the data into a separate SPSS sheet, and then the sheets were merged to check for discrepancies. The hypotheses were addressed using inferential statistics, such as Likelihood Ratio. Results: The results of this study indicate that there were no statistical differences between the rates at which men and women experience abuse. These results are not similar to previous literature. Other findings of this study indicate that people with disabilities experience similar rates of abuse as people without disabilities. These findings are similar to previous literature. Conclusions: Due to the small number of participants with disabilities, the statistical findings showed trends. A larger scale study would need to be conducted to draw any conclusions statistically. These trends should provide a shift in society and its views on who is affected by intimate partner violence and ensure everyone who is experiencing abuse has options to leave the relationship and has resources available and accessible to them.

Background: Mamajjaka Ghana Vati is a well-recognized herbal medicine for the treatment of Madhumeha. Instead of its attribute in Madhumeha, it was also therapeutically indicated for antipyretic, anthelmintic, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory activities. Aims and Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the significance of large-scale production of Mamajjaka Ghana tablet and its quality control aspect with a view of its wide range of applicability in therapeutics and ayurvedic pharmaceutical industry. Materials ad Methods: Mamajjaka Ghana tablet was prepared in four batches and the findings were scientifically recorded. In this analytical study, organoleptic and physicochemical evaluations of Mamajjaka decoction, solid aqueous extract (Ghana), and tablet were carried out. Results and Discussion: An average of 38.25 h were required for the preparation of Mamajjaka decoction. The average temperature maintained during the process was 95-100°C. The average yield of decoction was 168.75 L in all the four batches. An average of 11.67 kg of solid aqueous extract (Ghana) was obtained. A total of 46.68 kg of Ghana was obtained from all the four batches. An average of 97.93% of Mamajjaka Ghana tablet was obtained. Conclusion: The data pertaining to large-scale production will be useful for ayurvedic pharmaceutical industry populace to maintain quality, uniformity of dosage, and to sustain the batch-to-batch variation during various pharmaceutical operations, and thus the whole process is validated for 65.28 kg of Mamajjaka Ghana tablet .

The 14^th Inter-medical School Physiology Quiz (IMSPQ) competition had 81 medical schools from 24 countries. Analyses of the written responses at the 14^th IMSPQ from a total of 334 students provide a useful teaching and learning insights. These observations, highlighted here, were gleaned from (i) the questions with most correct answers, (ii) the most unanswered questions, and (iii) the most wrongly answered questions. The IMSPQ is a unique annual physiology event that provides a global sampling of students' appreciation and understanding of core concepts in physiology.

Brachial artery (BA) is a continuation of the axillary artery at the lower border of teres major. In the cubital fossa, BA divides into radial artery and ulnar artery as terminal branches. Large branch given from the BA in the upper part is profunda brachii artery. In the present case, we noticed double profunda brachii that arises from the BA. They are profunda brachii artery 1 and profunda brachii artery 2. Profunda brachii artery 1 arises in the proximal part of the BA and profunda brachii artery 2 arises distal to the profunda brachii artery 1. Both the arteries run inferolaterally in the spiral groove along with radial nerve. Variations of profunda brachii artery are important during harvesting of the lateral arm flaps and may lead to inadvertent injury during percutaneous arterial catheterization or injection of drugs.